The Importance of Spirituality in Addiction Recovery free essay sample

Intel A Corporation Essays - American Brands,

Intel A Corporation An organization is a business that, albeit possessed by at least one speculators, legitimately has the rights and obligations of a person. Organizations reserve the option to purchase, sell, and own property. Partnerships may make lawful agreements, recruit and fire laborers, set costs, and be sued, fined, and burdened. A business must acquire a sanction of consolidation from a state lawmaking body or Congress to be lawfully perceived as a corporation.(Watson, p211) While partnerships didn't exist until the mid to late 1800s, the possibility of the company had existed since the mid 1600s. Everything began with English shippers who began exchanging organizations to help finance the early settlements. On the off chance that the states flourished, the investors harvested in the benefit. (Watson, p211) An enterprise is begun when a sole ownership, a one-proprietor business, that is the most widely recognized type of business establishment in the US, or an organization, a relationship of at least two individuals so as to maintain a business, concludes that they would prefer not to be by and by answerable for any misfortune the organization may have. (Watson, p211) Or they may conclude that they need the organization to live on after they bite the dust, that is for the business to have boundless life. Since neither of these objectives can be reached with a sole ownership, or an association, the proprietor (or proprietors, by and large) conclude that he (they) need to convert their business to an enterprise. The owner(s) document a contract of joining from the legislature to be legitimately perceived as an enterprise. (Boyd, March, 99) The owner(s) at that point sell portions of stock, records speaking to proprietorship in the partnership, to speculators. These speculators purchase an d offer the stock to little financial specialists, or investors. Since there is no restriction to the quantity of investors to an organization, the financial specialists vote (in favor of each offer you own you get one decision) on a top managerial staff. The top managerial staff are accountable for recruiting the individuals liable for the consistently running of the organization. These positions incorporate, however are not constrained to: the president, VP, and other boss executives. (Watson, p211-212) On the off chance that an organization harvests a benefit, financial specialists may get a profit, or a portion of the money related increase made by the organization. The chosen governing body pick whether the cash will go towards benefit, extension of the organization, modernization of the organization, or innovative work. (Watson, p212) With about 85% of the microchip advertise, Intel is unquestionably inside. Its chip - including the Pentium - have been giving cerebrums to IBM-perfect PCs 1981.(http://thestandard.net?.) Intel began on July 16, 1968 when attractive center memory was the main innovation at that point. They were attempting to make semi-conductor memory pragmatic with silicon memory. Shockingly for Intel semi-conductor memory cost multiple times more than attractive center memory, however the silicon had numerous favorable circumstances - littler size, more noteworthy execution, and decreased vitality utilization. At that point, in late 1968,the Japanese organization Busicom solicited Intel to create an arrangement from chips (twelve chips for each unit) for a gathering of programmable number crunchers that they were delivering. Ordinarily, chips were made explicitly for every item. All things considered, the creators at Intel concluded that they would make a universally useful coherent chip to supplan t the entirety of the a wide range of assortments of chips that would go into the diverse gadgets. The legitimate chip was a significant achievement; the main issue was that Busicom reserved the options to the chip. Understanding that this chip could majorly affect society, the originators Bob Noyce and Gordon Moore lauded the new chip, while individuals in the organization despite everything needed to stay with creating memory. Intel purchased the rights to the chip from the battling Japanese organization for $60,000, and this prepared for Intel's creating vision of pervasive (general) microchip based computing.(?/cn71898a.htm). The 4004 microchip set was presented close to the finish of 1971. Littler than a thumbnail and pressing 2300 transistors, the $200 chip conveyed as much processing power as the principal electronic PC, ENIAC. By correlation, ENIAC depended on 18,000 vacuum tubes stuffed into 3,000 cubic feet when it was worked in 1946. The 4004 executed 60,000 activities in a single second, crude by the present norms, yet a significant forward leap at the

Companies That Writing Research Papers

Companies That Writing Research PapersResearch papers are one of the most dreaded but important papers that a professor will give you for a course. Most professors are extremely strict about the subject matter of the paper, even though it is pretty general and many students choose to skip all the abstracting and bribing in the middle. Here are some companies that writing research papers will end up at.First, your professor. He will either be happy to allow you to skip them altogether, or he will find a way to get a little snobby and say no. Either way, you will have wasted a lot of time and will have provided him with a terrible education.Second, the big law firms. In general, big law firms are interested in only paying for research papers that are outstanding in quality. However, if they see that they have a spotty academic track record or poor academic reputations, they may think that it is okay to offer a few options for exemptions.Third, good reputation. Your professor may find t hat you were exempt from the written portion of a class based on your academic performance. This is usually enough to allow you to skip the research paper, but you should check before you do this to make sure that this is true.Fourth, your professor's adviser. When it comes to your research paper, it is best to let your advisor know ahead of time that you want to skip the research paper.Fifth, your dean. Your advisor will usually let you know in advance if there is a problem with the research paper, such as missing or poorly written citations.Sixth, the academic advisor. If your professor won't tell you why you need to skip the research paper, your academic advisor may be able to help you out. His advice and suggestions may actually be more valuable than your professor's if you don't know that much about writing papers.Seventh, your agent. Although you will usually be able to skip your own research paper by contacting your agent to look for one, it would be in your best interest to let them know ahead of time that you want to skip the paper.

An Ethical And Philosophical Requirement Within The...

Advocacy can be seen as both an ethical and philosophical requirement within the profession of nursing (Gaylord Grace, 1995). Mallik (1998) refers to it as, â€Å"good professional practice and clinical judgement†¦a personally and professionally binding contract, moral in nature† rather than â€Å"a duty of the professional nurse† (Chafey et al., 1998). Advocacy is an important and evolving concept not only within the nursing community but also within society as a whole. While a vast range of advocacy types can be found within society including citizen, self, and political, the primary focus for this concept analysis will be based upon patient/client advocacy in a healthcare setting. Though nursing advocators in the profession can be viewed innovators they are subsequently viewed as risk-takers (Jezewski, 1993). The ability for nurses to remain within the middle ground of healthcare allows for development and sustained intimate patient holistic plan of care which then, provides the foundation of nurse-patient relationship resulting in the ideal profession to engage in advocacy practices (Mallik, 1997, Hanks, 2007). Review the literature for definitions, clues to definition Advocacy, while used in a plethora of forms, contexts and situations, the term in itself can be quite vague unfortunately resulting in various interpretations into its meaning (Vaartio, 2006). A literature search review conducted on five search topics: advocacy, patient advocacy, nursing advocacy, andShow MoreRelatedIndividual Analysis1449 Words   |  6 Pages(RN) in her daily nursing practice. These factors include state laws, professional requirements and responsibilities, and personal belief systems and values. All factors work together to provide competent, safe, and quality care for society as a whole. It is vital that the RN possess both awareness and understanding of the important role these factors play in his or her daily practice. The Scope of Nursing Practice The American Nurses Association (ANA) defines the Scope of Nursing Practice as, â€Å"theRead MoreThe Importance of Jean Watsons Caring Theory in Nursing909 Words   |  4 Pagesroots of nursing, where the nurse-patient interaction was the essential and primary factor contributing to the patients recovery. With strict regulatory documentation requirements and keeping up with the latest medical advances can distraught from what has been described as the core of nursing; caring (Watson, 2009). In all definitions of nursing, the word care or caring is always used and carries root of the meaning. The study discusses Jean Watsons contribution to the nursing profession and theRead MoreNursing Ethics and Values1885 Words   |  8 PagesIndividual Analysis As a registered nurse practicing in the state of California I am responsible for practicing within my states legal regulations and nursing scope of practice. My concern for the welfare of the sick and injured allows me to practice ethical provisions of nursing. These are required if I am to carry out competent and effective nursing care. Nursing encompasses the prevention of illness, the alleviation of suffering, and the protection, promotion, and restoration of health in theRead MoreIndividual Analysis Essay1761 Words   |  8 Pagesscope of practice As a nurse, one must follow a scope of practice, what is expected of them within their role of the nursing profession. These guidelines shape the responsibility of the professional nursing organization and serve to protect the public. According to, Nursing’s Social Policy Statement: The Essence of the Profession (American Nurses Association, 2010, p. 3) defines contemporary nursing: â€Å"Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illnessRead MoreEssay about Ethics in Nursing1988 Words   |  8 Pagesthe some issues of ethics in the nursing field, the consequences of poor judgment when it comes to nursing, and it will compare the Nurse Practice Act of Florida and another state. 1. What is the ethical responsibility and accountability of a nurse? Let’s begin by defining ethics. Webster defines ethics as â€Å"the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation† (Webster, 2011). In life we encounter situations that we must make ethical decisions in order to resembleRead MoreWhat Is Nursing Profession?1835 Words   |  8 PagesWHAT IS NURSING PROFESSION INTRODUCTION What dose Nursing profession mean to a student Nurse? To answer this question as a student Nurse will break it down into four subject areas starting off with the professional and ethical influences that will include the United Kingdom central council for nursing and midwifery and changing to the (NMC) Nursing and Midwifery council today and what is expected the Nursing should follow code of conduct and looking at the accountability and responsibility of theRead MoreCritical Inquiry And Evidence Based Nursing Practice2547 Words   |  11 PagesSubject Name: Critical Inquiry and Evidence Based Nursing Practice. Student Name: Palaniswamy Gomathy. Student Number: 11544494. Subject Code: NRS531. Date of Submission: 10/08/2015. Due Date: 10/08/2015 Introduction:- In this 21st century, health care is advancing remarkably and achieving various results through research. Research is vital to bringRead MoreNurses and Empowerment: Empowering and Being Empowered1759 Words   |  8 PagesNurses and Empowerment: Empowering and Being Empowered Nurses and Empowerment: Empowering and being Empowered One of the many issues concerning the profession of nursing is the concept of empowerment. This concept can be looked at from two different levels in reference to nurses, from the level of nurses empowering the client, and from the level of nurses being empowered by their environment (Lewis Urmston, 2000). Empowerment in general is best defined by its absence from the situationRead MoreNursing Ethics and Malpractice3247 Words   |  13 PagesINTRODUCTION In every nurses career, the nurse is faced with many legal or ethical dilemmas. One of the professional competencies for nursing states that nurses should integrate knowledge of ethical and legal aspects of health care and professional values into nursing practice. It is important to know what types of dilemmas nurses may face during their careers and how they may have been dealt with in the past. It is also important for nurses to understand what malpractice is and how theyRead MorePromoting Positive Health Behaviors Essay2115 Words   |  9 Pagesprovisions or requirements relating to a specific code of ethics directed to nurses in relation to advocacy for population health. The first provision to review is number seven. This provision states that in the profession of nursing, nurses are to demonstrate the attributes of leadership and practicality of their profession. The advancement of the profession of nursing should be obtained from mentoring and having strong roles within the community they work. Each entity of nursing has duties within their

Gaining sustaining competitive advantage - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Gaining sustaining competitive advantage. Answer: Introduction Strategy is considered to be one of the most crucial aspects of any business enterprise. A strategy serves as a guideline to the company and helps the company in expanding the business operations. The chosen company for the given assignment is General Mills and the chosen segments are Snacks and Convenience Food (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). The report has given a background of the company and presented a time line of its history of international expansion. The second part of the report discusses the different strategic approaches adopted for the chosen segment. Company Perspectives The General Mills is a multinational manufacturer based in America and is also the marketer of various branded consumer products. The headquarters of the company is based in Minnesota. The brand is an absolute favorite in the eyes of the consumers because it offers superior quality products as well as services (Barney 2014). The employees find General Mills a good company to work for as it rewards innovation and appraises the performance of the employees. The company has been growing consistently since the last few decades. The company history and the timeline of international expansion have been given in the next section: Time Line Years Significance 1850-1900 The company opened its first mill flour in Minneapolis and Crosby entered as a partner of Washburn. The partners increased and in the year 1980, the company won an international competition. 1900-1950 The main highlight of the given time period was that James Ford began the acquisition and amalgamation of various mils in the region with that of General Mills (Generalmills.com. 2018). Also, during the given period, various products like Cheerios, Bisquick, cake and ready to eat cereals were made. 1950- 2000 The company entered the snack food sector in 1964 by purchasing Morton Foods and went ahead in the introduction of various products like Trix. It was in 1961 that the new president was assigned named Rawlings, who begins a period of wide diversification (Generalmills.com. 2018). It also undertook the frozen sea food and toy sector like Parker Bros, Rainbow Crafts (Eden and Ackermann 2013). The following companies in different sectors were undertaken : Eddie Bauer Talbot Red Lobster Lactose Clothing Yo plait yogurt brand Olive Italian Restaurant However, in 1989, the company sold Edie Bauer and Talbot and formed a venture with Nestle. From that time, it has made several collaborations with Pepsi, Unilever and Ralcorp The company is one of the biggest leading cereal companies in the globe with several brands under its name like Cocoa Puffs, Cheerios and Trix. The company has also been able to expand its operations in the food line sector including desserts and cake mixes. The products of General Mills are available in more than 90 countries and have long term collaborations with Nestle S.A. and PepsiCo. Apart from its domain in snacks in Europe, the company also functions outside the grocery sector in various domains like educational, healthcare, convenient stores and vending machine operations. The portfolio of General Mills became better and the company increased its snack portfolio. And spread its operations to England and Belgium with the purchase of Smith Food Group Limited. The company followed this by opening a French Biscuieria in Latin America and Japan (Ginter, Duncan and Swayne 2018). However, it was in 1989, that the company decided to expand its operations overseas. General Mills partnered with Nestle which was a Switzerland based company. After its amalgamation with PepsiCo, the company entered into Europes snacks market. Post 2000 the company has shown interest in expanding its operations to Asian counties (Martinsuo 2013). With this aim, it has opened various ventures under the company name in Singapore, Malaysia, China and other countries in Africa as well. Figure 1; Net sales of the company (Source: Generalmills.com. 2018). Snacks Division of General Mills Strategic approach and expansion The snack division of General Mills consists of a wide variety of brands that include brands like Chef Mix, Natural Valley, Cascadian Farm and Bugles corn snack. The brand has also added Annie`s which is the newest addition to the snack products line and includes a wide variety of options. The company gets its majority of income from the snacks division. However, recently there was a drop in the sales due to the new demand placed by the millennial who demanded a healthy diet. The snack segment of General Mills snack has had an enormous growth opportunity in the United States (Bettis et al. 2014). The given segment has been growing at a tremendous rate and which has covered more than 40% of the US market share. To capture the health conscious segment, General mills has also invested in the better for you product range which has bars and organic product. Although the strategy followed by General Mills for international expansion of the snacks division included giving out free samples at the malls in Europe, Asia and Australia the products did not achieve international success at the expected rate because the concept of frozen meal was not preferred by the Asian population who have a desire for hot meals specially breakfast. Nevertheless, there exists a huge amount of potential in the snacks segment of the company because of the improving scenario of urbanization, increase in revenue and low base impacts in the Asian market. According to Stead and Stead (2013), the strategic approach was simple. It wanted to become one of the biggest food-ing and consumer goods brand in the globe and for this it followed a policy of buying other business. General Mills believed in making small acquisitions and take over which would automatically give the company an advantage over the rival companies (Morschett, Schramm-Klein and Zentes 2015). Hence, under its umbrella, General mills are associated with a large number of products which are based in different countries. In order to attain success it has planned to enter the local market of the various countries for ease of competition and access to a larger crowd. This approach to international expansion had been taken because it helps in easy functioning. Instead of formulating new recipes and products, take over and acquisitions helped General Mill to have an easy way out. Figure 2: The revenue generated by the company through international and national operations (Source: Generalmills.com. 2018). Convenient Food division of General Mills. Convenient Food concept is a normal formula these days whereby the food is already pre-cooked and packed in a box in order to make it easier for the consumers to just eat them directly or by adding minimal resources in order to cook (Lasserre 2017). In today`s fast paced environment, it is extremely difficult for family members to cook food and spend long hours in the kitchen. Capturing these ideas, many companies started the idea of convenience food (Wheelen et al. 2017). General Mills had also started taking advantage of the given segment and today it has a wide base of products under its umbrella. These products are as follows: Chef Mix Fiber One Nature Valley Annies Betty Crocker Helper Old El Paso Yoki Over the years the company has increased and expanded the Convenience food segment and has spread its activities into various countries like Europe, Asia, Australia and others. It followed a similar policy like that of the snacks segment of acquisition and take over. The following strategic approaches were undertaken by General Mills in order to expand internationally: Setting Goals- It knew that it could not follow a haphazard manner and hence for this purpose it had set well defined goals for the organization`s expansion plan. It had set certain milestones and set out proper target companies (Rothaermel 2015). As the eating habits of Europe are quite similar to that of the Americans and at the time of world wars, travelers used to travel frequently to and fro, the company decided to make Europe its primary target. Later on it set out goals for countries like Asia and Australia as well. Extending strategy to Supply chain- Apart from following techniques like acquisition, mergers and take over, the company widened its supply chain base as well and started importing and exporting from various sources (Slack 2015). The merger with companies like Pepsi proved to be a plus point in its case. It also tied relations with Unilever which went a long way in strengthening the company`s base. Taking the advantage of e-commerce- It also took advantage of the new advent of e-commerce and indirectly widened its market to various countries it had not tied relations with. E-commerce accounts for 1.5 % of the company`s sales. Hence, over the years, it has taken various companies and tied up with other brands like Morton Foods, Pepsi and other large enterprises to get an access to international customer base and expand its operations worldwide. Figure 3: A summary of the performance, segment wise (Source: Generalmills.com. 2018). Conclusion Therefore, the story of General Mills has been quite an impressive one and it has grown its business to a great extent in the last 150 years. Starting as a normal mill company, it expanded its product base widely in order to increase its revenue. The corporate portfolio management of the company was widely headed by the company heads and the different CEO`s who were involved. Without their guidance and help, the expansion would not have been possible. The given report has highlighted the history of the company through a timeline and selected two segments; snacks and convenience food and elaborately discussed their international strategic approach. References Barney, J.B., 2014.Gaining and sustaining competitive advantage. Pearson higher ed. Bettis, R., Gambardella, A., Helfat, C. and Mitchell, W., 2014. Quantitative empirical analysis in strategic management.Strategic Management Journal,35(7), pp.949-953. Eden, C. and Ackermann, F., 2013.Making strategy: The journey of strategic management. Sage. Generalmills.com. ,2018.General Mills: A U.S.-based food company. We serve the world by making food people love, providing quality brands in more than 100 countries on six continents.. [online] Available at: https://www.generalmills.com/ [Accessed 9 Mar. 2018]. Ginter, P.M., Duncan, J. and Swayne, L.E., 2018.The Strategic Management of Healthcare Organizations. John Wiley Sons. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Lasserre, P., 2017.Global strategic management. Palgrave. Martinsuo, M., 2013. Project portfolio management in practice and in context.International Journal of Project Management,31(6), pp.794-803. Morschett, D., Schramm-Klein, H. and Zentes, J., 2015.Strategic international management(pp. 978-3658078836). Springer. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic management. McGraw-Hill Education. Slack, N., 2015.Operations strategy. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Stead, J.G. and Stead, W.E., 2013.Sustainable strategic management. ME Sharpe. Wheelen, T.L., Hunger, J.D., Hoffman, A.N. and Bamford, C.E., 2017.Strategic management and business policy. pearson.

Waiters and Wheels Essay Example

Waiters and Wheels Essay BANGALORE MANAGEMENT ACADEMY .Assignment On WAITER ON WHEELS Submitted by: Ivneet Singh(081301221 ) Table of Contents Sr. No| Topic| Pg. No| 1. | Abstract | 3| 2. | Introduction| 4| 3. | Analysis of current system| 4| 4. | Solutions for problems| 5| 5. | Feasibility study| 5| 6. | Feasibility report| 6| 7. | Operational feasibility PIECES Framework| 7| 8. | Schedule Feasibility | 8| 9. | Economic Feasibility| 9| 10. | Stages of SSADM| 10| 11. | Detail business specification| 11| 12. | Flowchart| 12| 13. | Context Level Diagram| 13| 14. | Data Flow Diagram| 14| 15. ER-Diagram| 16| 16. | Physical Design | 17| 17. | Individual reports| 24| Abstract The main objective of the project is to identify the different framework of activities associated with methodologies and describe how the techniques are used together to develop a system. The project includes the standard methodology to develop the system and documenting of project as well. The methodology selected by our team is SSADM which stands for structured system analysis and design. The selected methodology has been clearly justified and compared to other related methodology. All the mandatory requirement and specification for creating the system design are explained briefly. Physical and logical designs are mapped accurately having clear and detailed documentation of designing phase. To complete this project in effective way . had contributed their best so that all criteria can be covered efficiently. Anyone can understand easily as there is a good command on language through the whole documentation of project. Introduction They were two students Sue Tom Bickford studying in college who also worked as part time job in a restaurant and always dreamt to open their own restaurant. Their initial investment was always out of reach so they noticed many restaurants that offer home delivery service . They got an idea of opening their own restaurant without high investment . This idea came to their mind after meeting many people who wanted home delivery service with their complete food selection. By this, they opened a restaurant â€Å"Waiter on Wheels† in 1997. This restaurant provides food delivery to the customers by gathering the meals form different restaurants and providing under one roof. Customers liked this service very much and their business waiter on wheels was increasing day by day. We will write a custom essay sample on Waiters and Wheels specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Waiters and Wheels specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Waiters and Wheels specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As there was increase in the number of customers and their orders they started facing some problems to run their business effectively. Analysis of current system Now we are going to analyze the current system of waiter on wheels. Customer calls waiter on wheels to place the order, waiter on wheels will then inform to related restaurants and to driver to take the delivery form the restaurant and place it to the desired customer address. The driver picks the order form restaurants and delivers to the customer and comes back to waiter on wheels. Problems faced in existing system * Limited user involvement Inadequate resources requirement * Business requirement have changed between commencement and deliverance * Absence of CASE support for analysis and design * Low level of involvement of users was due to lack on ownership and assurance of the system * Inadequate techniques * Inadequate designing and tools * No updating of database management system Solutions for the existing problems: The only solution for the problem is to adapt the computerized customer support system to support their business operations which will help them with the accurate and faster calculations to produce * End of day deposit slip Weekly report of restaurants * Sales report as per their desire i. e. weekly or monthly * Able to record orders effectively and informing end user efficiently * Inform drivers and restaurants at a click of button. * Increase delivery performance by flow of data in an efficient way Feasibility study Feasibility is defined as the viability of project feasibility does not solve any problem but it gives a scope of solving a problem. The aim of our feasibility report is to find out the problem of the current system in waiters on wheels and meet the end users requirements. Realism of project To decide whether the aims stated in the project are realistic within the given constraints. Scope of improvements In current system there are lots of problem with recording order, producing day and weekly sales report which leads to inconsistency in delivering the meals ordered on time and running the restaurant. We are developing a system which will help sorting out such problems effectively and efficiently. Specialist assistance We are developing a user friendly system so that no specialization is equired to operate the system, even a person with little bit knowledge in computers will be able to operate it. Principle work area To determine whether the principle work areas relating to the aims stated in the project permit planning of full investigation including the project teams departments and application involved. Feasibility report Our feasibility report consists of: * Technical feasibility * Operational feasibility * Schedule feasibility * Economic feasibili ty Technical Feasibility: Technical feasibility address three major issues * Is the proposed system technology is practical Does the organization currently possess the necessary technology * Does the organization possess the necessary technical expertise * And if the technology is not present then is it affordable by the organization Generally, the technology for the any defined solution is available. The question which should be considered is whether that technology is mature enough to be easily applied to the problem. Some firms like to use latest technology, but most of the firms prefer a mature and proven technology . A mature technology has a larger customer base for obtaining advice concerning problems and improvements. Assuming that the solution’s technology is practical, the next step is to determine whether it is available in the organization has the capacity to use it? If the answer to nay of the above questions is no, then the possibility of getting it from outside should be considered. If it is available outside, but is too costly for the organization to purchase it, then the alternative that requires the technology is not practical and is technically infeasible. Operational feasibility: In operational feasibility study measures the urgency of the problem or the acceptability of a solution . There are two aspects of operational feasibility which should be considered. * Is the problem worth solving, or will the solution to the problem work? * What do the end users, and the management feels about the problem? This feasibility was carried to get the answer to the question whether the system will be used and implemented if developed. Would there be any resistance from its users. PIECES FRAMEWORK * Performance: Receiving customer order till delivering Order. Information: How the information is passed from WOW – Driver Restaurants * Economy: It is cost beneficial * Control: Installing password, firewall and antivirus , so that there is no unauthorized access * Efficiency: System is time efficient and effective, providing the information on single click * Services: System will provide desirable and reliable service to customer and end users Schedule Feasibility: Schedule feasibility is an analyzing the time for a project to be completed. The schedule feasibility consists of: Work Load Matrix Tasks| Ivneet| Ivneet| Ivneet| Ivneet| Identifying the existing system| * | | | | Analysis of current system| * | * | | | Problems in existing system| | * | | * | Feasibility report| | * | * | | Work load matrix| * | | | | Gantt chart| | | | * | Operational feasibility| | | * | | Selection of methodology| * | * | * | * | Justification | | | * | | Investigation techniques| | | | * | Logical design| * | | * | | Physical design| | * | | * | Conclusion | * | | | | Economic feasibility The economic feasibility underlies the whole system development effort. We assume the Economic feasibility to analyze the cost of the project in order to know whether it is worth spending to develop the system. The system that we are going to design is flexible and less expensive which will provide immediate access to records that are only periodically updated. Cost – benefit analysis This to analyze, The cost to develop the system Which includes man power costs, and the technology used to build the system etc. The business cost If the system is developed then what will be its maintenance costs? Selecting the methodology In this we have to select the methodology for our project i. e. Waiter on Wheels customer support system. Basically there are two types of methodology used for the projects Structured System Analysis and Design Methodology and Object Oriented Methodology. We have chosen Structured System Analysis and Design Methodology (SSADM) Reasons for selecting this methodology It provides measurable, reviewable and definable product specification. At the end, the process draws on more system personnel resources as well as user involvement. It increases involvement and communication between system and users. It also allows allocation of simpler tasks to junior personnel which mean each and every . member is equally distributed among tasks. A great impact of this methodology is that the total time and cost are greatly reduced, if system developed by this methodology is implemented in the organization. Stages that should be followed SSADM * Analysis of the current system * Detailed business specification * Logical data design * Logical process design * Physical design. Detailed business specification Customer calls waiter on wheels to place the order, Waiter on wheels then informs to the related restaurants for the order. Waiter on wheels then checks the availability of the driver and informs driver to pick the order from the restaurants then restaurants will give the order to the driver The driver will take the order and deliver it to customer, after delivering the order driver will come back and give the bill to waiter on wheels. Now waiter on wheels keeps the record of each and every restaurant, what are the orders taken from them and on which date and time. Weekly or monthly waiter on wheels will pay the bill payment as per the wholesale price or the deal what they have done. Flowchart A flowchart is a formal graphic demonstration of a logic sequence, work or built-up process, organization chart, or similar formalized structure. Flowcharts are used for designing and managing a program. It is represented by various symbols to show the flow of data in a logical manner, each and every symbol has different meaning. Payment To driver Customer Driver STOP Restaurant Detail of order Detail of customer Waiter On wheels Customer Oder START Flowchart Context level diagram:   A context Diagram shows the system boundaries, external entities that interact with the system, and the relevant information flows between the external entities and the system. It helps to: * Define the scope of a project, * Project benefits and risk factors. Orders Informs the restaurant Send delivery driver Supply food Send Bill Pay the Bill Cancel order Payment Restaurants Waiter On Wheels Customer Data flow diagram Data flow diagram (DFD) is a picture of the movement of data between external entities and the processes and data stores within a system. It shows relationship between following business processes: External systems, External organizations, Customers Other business processes. Data flow diagrams are used to describe how the system transforms information. It defines how the information is processed and stored and its flow throughout the process. 0 levelAvailability of driver Order placed Deliver Meal Restaurant Order Details Driver Waiter On Wheel Customer Sending order details Collecting meal Call for driver Invoice Order processing Informing restaurant Payment Accounts data Invoice Accounts Accounts Invoice details 1 level Restaurant Details Customer Details Restaurant Data Customer Data Availability of driver Order placed Deliver Meal Restaurant Order Details Driver Waiter On Wheel Customer Sending order details Collecting meal Call for driver Invoice Order processing Informing restaurant Payment Accounts data Invoice Accounts Accounts Invoice details ER-Diagram: is just the entity relationship diagram which shows the different entity’s and the attributes connected to it, it gives a brief description of the flow of logic of the system. ER- Diagram Reporting time Owners ID Owners Name Bank Delivery Charge Service Charge Sales Tax Whole Sale Price Pay Invoice Whole Sale Price No. of Items Menus Restaurants Picking Delivery Contains Available Unavailable Address Driver ID Name Contact No. Closing time Driver Informs No. of Items Related Restaurants Name Order Places/Cancels Customer Name Address Contact Details Customer ID Physical Design Physical Design: Physical design takes this logical design blueprint and produces the program specifications, physical file or database definition and user interface for a selected target hardware and software. These programs and files will fulfill the logical design requirements but may be subject to some constraints and compromises. Design objectives The system is designed based on the objectives set for the new information system in the strategic plan. Organizational objectives such as: * Increasing the business profit * Securing a larger market share * Improving customer service There are three main objectives which the designer has to bear in mind while evolving and evaluating design * Performance, how fast the design is secure against human error, machine hardware resources * Control, the extent to which the design is secure against human errors, machine malfunction, or deliberate mischief. Changeability, the ease with which the design allows the system to be changes to, for example meeting the user’s needs to have different transactions types processed. Individual Reports . Ivneet Singh (. leader and system analyst) Ivneet Singh (Logical Designer) Ivneet Singh (Physical Designer) Ivneet singh (Assistant Physical Designer) Ivneet Singh Registration no: 081301212 Role: . leader and System Analyst Abstr act I have played the role of system analyst, logical designer, and . leader and had contributed where ever the . was facing problem by conducting . eetings. The main objective of the project is to identify the different framework of activities associated with methodologies and describe how the techniques are used together to develop a system. The selected methodology SSADM has been clearly justified and compared to other related methodology. Logical designs are mapped accurately having clear and detailed documentation of designing phase with physical design by the physical designer of the group. To complete this project in effective way . had contributed their best so that all criteria can be covered efficiently. Introduction They were two students Sue Tom Bickford studying in college who also worked as part time job in a restaurant and always dreamt to open their own restaurant. Their initial investment was always out of reach so they noticed many restaurants that offer home delivery service . They got an idea of opening their own restaurant without high investment . This idea came to their mind after meeting many people who wanted home delivery service with their complete food selection. By this, they opened a restaurant â€Å"Waiter on Wheels† in 1997. This restaurant provides food delivery to the customers by gathering the meals form different restaurants and providing under one roof. Customers liked this service very much and their business waiter on wheels was increasing day by day. As there was increase in the number of customers and their orders they started facing some problems to run their business effectively. So they decided to have a computerized system to manage all the difficulties in their business. For the same they hired a consultancy. We are working on the same and have clearly documented in the project. How to overcome the existing problem? By making use of System Development Life Cycle (SDLC). System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is any logical process used by a systems analyst to develop an information system, including requirements, validation, training, and user ownership. Any SDLC should result in a high quality system that meets or exceeds customer expectations, reaches completion within time and cost estimates, works effectively and efficiently in the current and planned Information Technology infrastructure, and is inexpensive to maintain and cost-effective to enhance Intelligence Problem identification Feasibility study Analysis Logical design Design Implementation Physical design Implementation Maintenance System analyst In an organization or for a project system analyst is required to carry the project effectively in a well planned manner. System analyst must possess some necessary skills as System thinking: Must be aware of inter-related object or elements of the system. Once we have identified system, must be able to understand the principles and concepts about system to guide the design of information system and can easily co-relate with the environment. Organizational knowledge: Must understand working procedures and function of the organization. Problem identification: Must be able to understand the current situation of the organization or project concerned. Problem analyzing and solving: Once the problem has been identified, then analyze the problem how to solve it with the proven methods and documents. For analyzing and solving problems some approaches need to be followed as: intelligence, design, choice and implementation. Technical skills: Must know to develop computer-based information system, further be practical to adept with different notations for representing or modeling the various aspects of information systems. Management skills: As a system analyst must be able to manage work and use the resources of organization in efficient and effective way. System analyst is almost the member of project team and is frequently asked to lead the team. In spite of working in a technical field system analyst must possess interpersonal skills such as communicational skills (interviewing, listening and questionnaires). Analysis of current system For this project Waiter on Wheels current existing system has been analyzed in an effective way as: * Customer calls waiter on wheels to place the order, then waiter on wheels informs to related restaurants they have contract with * Then send the driver to take the delivery form the restaurant and place it to the customer address * The driver picks the order form restaurants and delivers to the customer and comes back to waiter on wheels * Driver took the payment including retail price and service charge from the customer and reports to waiter on wheels office. Problem identification The major problem with waiter on wheel was they were not able to manage the extending business as they keeps record manually. * Not able to manage database of customers * Not able to get the delivery on time specified by the customer as they were having only one delivery driver Solution for the problem To have a computerized system so that it can keep the records and saves time and human energy as well. This will also help to get the customer details such as address, contact number, etc†¦; if the customer calls next time to place an order. Selecting the methodology In this we have selected the methodology for our project i. . Waiter on Wheels customer support system. Basically there are two types of methodology used for the projects Structured System Analysis and Design Methodology and Object Oriented Methodology. We have chosen Structured System Analysis and Design Methodology (SSADM) After having meetings with the team the methodology was selected with the clear justification to other related methodologies. Reasons for selecting this methodology * It includes portioning a large system into a manageable smaller ones and organizing the details into an understandable by utilizing a top-down approach. It provides measurable, reviewable and definable product specification. * At the end, the process draws on more system personnel resources as well as user involvement. * It increas es involvement and communication between system and users. * It also allows allocation of simpler tasks to junior personnel which mean each and every . member is equally distributed among tasks. * A great impact of this methodology is that the total time and cost are greatly reduced, if system developed by this methodology is implemented in the organization. It also includes developing and maintaining the system specification, especially for the outputs Example of structured methodology An integral part of this methodology is the modular concept. Under which frame work can be separated in a detailed management information system. For example the finance system of an organization can be divided into minor and basic modules. Finance Source Of fund Cash Management Capital budgeting Accounts payable management Cash disbursement management Accounts receivable management Cash receipt management Sales discounts management Other receivable management Trade receivable management Other income anagement Customers management Drafts management Checks management Purchase discounts management Capital expenses management Taxes management Payroll management Other payable management This is a top-down approach of a finance department from which anything can be seen regarding finance and employee can be called easily by the management. Logical design A logical design is conceptual and abstract. The process of logical design involves arranging data into a series of logical relationships called entities and attributes * An entity represents a chunk of information. In relational databases, an entity often maps to a table. An attribute is a component of an entity that helps define the uniqueness of the entity. In relational databases, an attribute maps to a column. I have contributed to make context level and 1-level data flow diagram; Context level diagram: A context level diagram shows the system boundary, external entities that interact with the system, and relevant information f lows between the external entities and the system. It helps to * Define the scope of the project * Benefits and risk factors of the project Orders Waiter On Wheels Informs the restaurant Cancel order Restaurants Send delivery driver Customer Supply food Pay the Bill Send Bill Data flow diagram: Data flow diagram (DFD) is a picture of the movement of data between external entities and processes and to store within a system. It shows relationship between following business process * External system * External organization * Customers * Other business processes 1-level data flow diagram Restaurant Details Customer Details Restaurant Data Customer Data Availability of driver Order placed Deliver Meal Restaurant Order Details Driver Waiter On Wheel Customer Sending order details Collecting meal Call for driver Invoice Order processing Informing restaurant Payment Accounts data Invoice Accounts Accounts Invoice details Work load matrix Tasks| Ivneet| Ivneet| Ivneet| Ivneet| Identifying the existing system| * | | | | Analysis of current system| * | * | | | Problems in existing system| | * | | * | Feasibility report| | * | * | | Work load matrix| * | | | | Gantt chart| | | | * | Operational feasibility| | | * | | Selection of methodology| * | * | * | * | Justification | | | * | | Investigation techniques| | | | * | Logical design| * | | * | | Physical design| | * | | * | Conclusion | * | | | | Conclusion While doing this project I have reached to conclusion that SDLC is one of the best methods to carry a project in order to save time and to learn the project management. Among this one of the most important phase feasibility study taught us to do researches on various Technical and operational issues that are required for almost all project. The methodology that we have choose for developing the system required by waiter on wheel is also an one of best among other related methodologies. Which teaches different techniques for developing an information system? References Modern System Analysis and Design second edition Jeffrey A. offer University of Dayton Joey F. George Louisiana State University Joseph S. Valacich Washington State University http://www. google. co. in/search? hl=enq=+define+system+development+life+cyclemeta=aq=foq= Ivneet Singh Registration no: 081301224 Role: Logical Designer Abstract I have played the role of logical designer, and had contributed mainly in logical d esigning and operational feasibility as well. The main objective of the project is to identify the different framework of activities associated with methodologies and describe how the techniques are used together to develop a system. The selected methodology SSADM has been clearly justified and compared to other related methodology. Logical designs are mapped accurately with physical design by the physical designer of the group. Operational feasibility: Operational feasibility is dependent on human resources available for the project and involves projecting whether the system will operate and be used once it is installed. In our project we have analyzed that the contents of operational feasibility in this project are:- * Implementation * Processing * People oriented * Government agencies Implementation: Implementation consists of three parts: Taking order- in this process we are designing our system that will be able to receive orders from customers it is going to work like this when a customer calls on phone or orders online the system is going to record the call by the name and address and the order specified, when the order is recorded by name and address the system is going to make beep sound which will alert the operator and he will be able to hear the voice call directly on the desktop. Order delivery: in this process the system is concerned about how the order is going to be delivered this comes under processing which I will explain further. Reporting back to office: in this process the system will keep a record of the drivers who are reporting back in office after delivery. The next step of operational feasibility is processing:- processing contains following contents:- 1. Receiving the call from customer: which I have already explained that the system will be able to record the call from customer according to their name, address and specifically the order. 2. Informing the driver: In this process we have given the facility that ystem will be able to inform driver according to the given database , we will store the names of driver in accordance with their areas our system will be able to check the availability of driver by following methods when a driver calls to the office and says that he is available the system will immediately record his message and the time of call so it will be easy or the operator to check the availability of driver and when he clicks the option call in front of the names of driver then the syste m will immediately call the driver and the operator will be able to inform him or leave him a message. And as the driver conforms that he is ready to pick the order the system will be able to store his out time on the request of operator clicking on the button out time. 3. Informing the restaurant: The next main step after informing the driver is to inform the restaurant so we have done the following we will give the data base of all the contacted restaurants in the system so the operator will be able to inform the restaurants according to the requirements and the order specified just on a click. 4. Picking the order: Next is all manual process in case the customer wants to change his order then we have decided a time limit for changing the order it is 15 minutes after the original order if the customer calls in between fifteen minutes of his first order then our system will be able to recognize the customers voice and in case voice does recognition does not work system will recognize according to name and address of the customer and it will be able to eradicate the first order and will beep with a voice message that the order of this customer has been changed 5. Delivery: It is a manual process which will be carried by drivers. 6. Collecting money from the customer 7. Reporting back to office: In this process when the driver reports back to the office then the operator will click on his name and on the button in time then the system will immediately notify his time and store it. 8. Calculation of number of orders per day: This will be calculated by the number of orders delivered which is done when the driver enters his in and out time which means that the order has been delivered the system will calculate the number of orders delivered . . Sending statements and paying the money to the restaurants by checks: This is done by the accountant when he checks that how many orders are delivered from which restaurants which will be stored in the system. People oriented: this consists of the following- 1. Receptionist will be the operator of the system she will take orders from the customers and inform drivers and the restaurants. 2. Drivers the peop le who will deliver the orders 3. Restaurants manager 4. Waiters on wheels manager . Customers 6. Accountant will keep track of the accounts Government agencies: government agencies include tax and service charge. Operational feasibility seen through PIECES framework: The PIECES frame work helps identify operational problems to be solved and their urgency. PIECES stand for: * Performance: Receiving customer order till delivering Order. * Information: How the information is passed from WOW – Driver Restaurants * Economy: It is cost beneficial Control: Installing password, firewall and antivirus , so that there is no unauthorized access * Efficiency: System is time efficient and effective, providing the information on single click * Services: System will provide desirable and reliable service to customer and end users Economic feasibility: The economic feasibility underlies the whole system development effort. We assume the Economic feasibility to analyze the cost of the proje ct in order to know whether it is worth spending to develop the system. The system that we are going to design is flexible and less expensive which will provide immediate access to records that are only periodically updated. Cost – benefit analysis This to analyze, The cost to develop the system Which includes man power costs, and the technology used to build the system etc. The business cost If the system is developed then what will be its maintenance costs? Economic feasibility as per system perspective: our system is economically beneficial because it will save time and money by storing and transforming the data in an effective and efficient way. End user will be able to inform restaurants and driver for the delivery directly by sending message he will also be able to check out the availability of drivers, so he can save the cost of telephone charges the system will be able to produce end of the day slip in which it will show total sales and profit done by sales both weekly and daily, by this manager of WOW need not to keep an accountant, this will save money. Selection of methodology: we have selected structured system analysis and design methodology. Structured analysis is one of the most popular methodologies that are being used to define system specification. Because of problems faced in traditional system development life cycle approach structured advancement have come up whose purpose is to provide more closely controlled more industrious development surroundings. These include structured analysis and design methodology along with structured programming. A structured approach to the analysis and design of systems differs from the traditional SDLC approach where it calls for the systems analyst to look beyond a physical view of the current system. The result of SDLC is generally inflexible and unmaintainable system. This methodology uses logical process design. The structured system development cycle consists of: * Structured methodology * Structured tools ,and * Structured process Structured methodology: the structured methodology of systems analysis, analysis, design, and implementation centers on building a logical model of the system in order to provide systems analysts, programmers and users a common picture of the system and its interrelationships. Structured process: it provides clear understanding of the system to system analysts. It consists of the following: * Objective: organization, scope, and schedule of new system. * Output requirements approved by users. * Database and data dictionary. * Inputs need to produce outputs * Processing via methods, procedures, data communications to tie output to inputs as described by a leveled set of data flow diagrams * Internal control to satisfy control and security requirements other considerations as deemed appropriate, such as new policies consistent with objective. ER diagram: In ER diagrams representation of data is done graphically by connecting entities and their relationships. There are three types of relationships between entities * One to one * One to many * Many to one Reporting time Owners ID Owners Name Bank Delivery Charge Service Charge Sales Tax Whole Sale Price Pay Invoice Whole Sale Price No. of Items Menus Restaurants Picking Delivery Contains Available Unavailable Address Driver ID Name Contact No. Closing time Driver Informs No. of Items Related Restaurants Name Order Places/Cancels Customer Name Address Contact Details Customer ID In ER diagrams attributes I gave for customer are name, customer id, address, contact details. I used this customer ID in customer form next one is address I used this in customer form to record the address of costumer, next is contact details and name to record the details of costumer. Next is the attributes for order that is number of items and related restaurants these attributes I used in invoice details form Next one is the attributes of driver that is name, driver ID, address, contact no. , reporting time this one is mentioned in driver details in physical design . this will record driver details in the form. Now we come to invoice details there is whole sale price, sales tax, service charge, and delivery charge. These attributes are used in the invoice form to record the invoice details. Next entity is restaurants which have the following attributes menus, wholesale price and number of items this is used in transaction per day. And the last one is bank which have owners name and owners ID this we used in weekly sales report. Data flow diagram 1 level Restaurant Details Customer Details Restaurant Data Customer Data Availability of driver Order placed Deliver Meal Restaurant Order Details Driver Waiter On Wheel Customer Sending order details Collecting meal Call for driver Invoice Order processing Informing restaurant Payment Accounts data Invoice Accounts Accounts Invoice details References: System Analysis and Design, VK Jain, fourth edition Ivneet Singh Registration no: 08130 Role: Physical Designer Abstract I have played the role of Physical designer and had contributed mainly in physical designing of the project based on the logical design. Physical design is clearly mapped to the logic given by logical designer. The main objective of the project is to identify the different framework of activities associated with methodologies and describe how the techniques are used together to develop a system using SSADM. Introduction Tom Bickford and Sue were two students in the college they always wanted to open their own restaurant which should provide meal delivery service to the customers. They started the restaurant â€Å"Waiter on Wheels† with very low initial investment in 1997 . When customer calls waiter on wheels and places the order, then waiter on wheels will inform the related restaurant for the order and send the driver to pick up the order from the restaurant and deliver it to customer. There business was increasing day by day as customer liked their food delivery services. Now as there was increase in number of customer’s waiter on wheels started facing some problems to run their business. System Development Life Cycle Structures of SSADM 1. Feasibility Study – in this we decide which and what are the methods or techniques that we can adopt , what will be the cost of the project and how much time will project take to accomplish 2. Requirements Analysis – in this we analysis the requirements for our system, do we have enough technology or resources to fulfill the client requirements. 3. Requirements Specification detailed functional and non-functional requirements are identified and new techniques are introduced to define the required processing and data structures. 4. Logical System Specification – for each and every project we need to have a logical design so that we can get entire idea for the project and it will help in the implementation. 5. Physical Design a physical database design and a set of program specifications are created using the logical system specification Problem Identification Planning Analysis Logical Design Physical Design Implementation Maintenance Problems faced in existing system * Limited user involvement: There were very few people involved in running this meal delivery system. They were having only one driver for the night shift, contract with only two restaurants in that area. According to increasing demand of customers, they need to get more drivers and contract with more restaurants in order to deliver the variety of food on time. * Inadequate resources requirement: As initial investment in opening restaurant was quiet less, they were not having adequate resources like delivery vehicles, mobile phones as waiter on wheels was meal delivery service. They need to get more delivery motorcycles and mobile phones so that they might contact with the driver on the way if there is any change in order or driver has to pick the order form some other restaurant. * Business requirement have changed between commencement and deliverance: As waiter on wheels was a meal delivery service which provides food from different related restaurants and deliver it to customer at one place. As this delivery business started by only contract with two restaurants and few customer. Customers were increasing day by day there was change in business functions which lead to problems like they were not able to deliver orders on time, not able to get in touch with the customer, delivering wrong order. Then they realized to input computerized customer support system. * Absence of CASE support for analysis and design: Tom and Sue started waiter on wheels without analyzing the current business situation and future planning . They didn’t do any feasibility study before starting this meal delivery system which later on started causing them problems. Low level of involvement of users was due to lack on ownership and assurance of the system: As there was low level of involvement in the entire delivery system, there were few people involved in this business. Their business was running smooth with limited number of customers and restaurants. But when the customer demand increased they were not able to manage the business effectively. * Inadequate tools and techniques: For each and every business some tools and techniques are required to run it in effective way . But in waiter on wheels they didn’t use any techniques to run the business that was the reason why they were not able to manage their business properly. When all things started messing up, then they realized to input some technique in order to manage their business and implemented computerized customer support system which will help them in managing the details of orders, customers and sales report etc†¦ * Inadequate designing: As waiter on wheels was a restaurant they need to have a menu and forms for the customers, so that customer can place the order easily. But they were having nothing like that when customer calls to place the order they just tell the lists of items on the phone and receive the order. But as per the customer needs they start designing the forms, bills, menu cards for the ease of customer. * No updating of database management system: They do not keep track of the sales report, drivers, customers, order. Selecting the methodology In this we have to select the methodology for our project i. e. Waiter on Wheels customer support system. Basically there are two types of methodology used for the projects Structured System Analysis and Design Methodology and Object Oriented Methodology. SSADM stands for Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method. It was developed for the stages of system analysis and design of system development. This method is most established and widely adopted. SSADM uses a mixture of text and diagrams in system development life cycle, from the starting of the project till physical design SSADM is waterfall-based methodology. It flows like the waterfall starts from initial stage and then moves forward step by step till reaches the goal state , if there are any changes to be made it will again start from the first and then carry on with the entire task . We have chosen Structured System Analysis and Design Methodology (SSADM) because this methodology is very helpful to systems analyst. It makes sure that they are not floundering in deep of complexity but can beneficially work on a system . This methodology often results in method for each project; it provides a firm basis for project controlling and scheduling. The project can be broken in several steps of the methodology and a variety of individuals and teams can set different steps to perform their task. This makes it easier for the project manager to estimate the duration and cost of the project. Gantt chart: Techniques used by SSADM SSADM uses a combination of three techniques: * Logical Data Modeling * Data Flow Modeling * Entity Behavior Modeling Investigation techniques The investigation techniques are * Questionnaires * Interview * Survey * Studying Documentation * Observation For our project I followed two investigation techniques from the among above listed i. e. * Interview * Studying Documentation Interview: As the project is concerned with the restaurant which provides service as home delivery I went to some restaurants providing the same service as waiter on wheels and I conducted short interview with manager of Dominos Restaurant to know what are the procedures tools and techniques followed by them in order to run their restaurant effectively. This information was very helpful throughout the project and also gave us idea about the meal delivery systems. After the interview in Dominos I went to other restaurants to know about their current delivery system followed by them. As I concluded form this that almost all the restaurants adopt same procedure and techniques for the meal delivery system. Studying Documentation: In order to find some different delivery system I referred to many journals, magazines, newspapers and internet, but there also I found almost the same system used by the restaurants. * Articles on restaurant delivering system ezinearticles. com/? id=1412254 * Magazine of Waiter on Wheels http://www. wowrestaurantmarketing. com/publications. shtml * How to start restaurant delivering system www. startupbizhub. om/how-to-start-a-restaurant-delivery-service. htm Physical Design: Physical design takes this logical design blueprint and produces the program specifications, physical file or database definition and user interface for a selected target hardware and software. These programs and files will fulfill the logical design requirements but may be subject to some constraints and compromises. Design objectives The system is designed based o n the objectives set for the new information system in the strategic plan. Organizational objectives such as: * Increasing the business profit Securing a larger market share * Improving customer service There are three main objectives which the designer has to bear in mind while evolving and evaluating design * Performance, how fast the design is secure against human error, machine hardware resources * Control, the extent to which the design is secure against human errors, machine malfunction, or deliberate mischief. * Changeability, the ease with which the design allows the system to be changes to, for example meeting the user’s needs to have different transactions types processed. Logical to physical design Files or database: Based upon the entity-relationship model and supported by the entity life history and the data dictionary * Processes and programs: Based upon the processes of the data flow diagram and supported by the entity life history and data dictionary * Input a nd output: Based upon the flow of the data flow diagram and supported by the data dictionary * Interfaces : Underpinned by understanding of requirements and skills level explored within the context of the data flow diagram * Controls: Supported by the data flow diagram On the basis of logical designing i. e. ER-diagram and data flow diagram I have designed the forms that are required by our develop system to keep the records of customers, drivers, orders, sales report and weekly reports for the convenience of waiter on wheel employees. Customer Information Form This is customer information form which will store customer details such as: * Customer ID * Customer Name * Customer Address Driver Information Form This is driver information form which will store driver details such as: * Driver ID * Driver Name * Contact No: * Reporting Time: * Delivery Time: * Closing Shift Time: Invoice Bill Form This form will print the amount of bill to be paid by the customer, this form consists of: * Date / Time : * Customer Name : * Customer Address : * Customer Phone Number : * Order Details : * Total Amount to be paid : This form will store and print the sales report at the end of day, this form consists of: * Order Details : * Total Number of Orders in a day: * Total Sale of day: Transaction per Day Report This form will store and print weekly sales report at the end of week, this form consists of: * Order Details : * Payment Details: * Restaurant Name: * Bill to be paid: * Status: * Cheque No: Weekly Report Conclusion While doing this project I have concluded that system development life cycle (SDLC) is one of the best ways to carry a project which also helps me in learning the skills of project management. Among this there are seven phrases followed by a project manager or an organization to develop the information system. One of the phases is designing under which logical and physical design are mentioned. In physical designing I came to know how attributes and entities are related to each other and finally to real life. References: * Analysis and Design of Information System, Second Edition (V. RAJARAMAN) System Analysis and Design Implementation (S. K Jha) * http://www. nos. org/htm/sad1. htm Ivneet singh Registration no. 081301217 Role: Assistant Physical Designer Abstract I have played the role of Assistant Physical designer and had contributed in feasibility report for the project. As feasibility is an important phase while working on project through SSADM. Analysis of the curren t system The system on which we are working is a system on waiter on a wheel. Our system processes in the following manners: First, the customer call waiter on the wheel to place the order, herby waiter on wheel intimates the restaurant and to the driver. The driver is responsible for the delivery. He takes up the order from the restaurant and delivers to the customer address and takes the payment and hand over the bill to the customers and after that he gets back to his waiter on wheels Problems in existing current system Since they are running the business on waiter on a wheel and have a tie up with other restaurant so it is obvious that they will come up with many type of problem. No doubt they will have benefit but at some point of time they will face some problems. The problems that they will face are as follows: 1. Inadequate resources and requirement 2. Inadequate techniques 3. Inadequate designing and tools 4. Absence of CASE support for analysis and design 5. Updating of database management system 6. Low level of involvement of users was due to lack on ownership and assurance of the system. 7. Business requirement have changed between commencement and deliverance. Since there were many problems they might face so to sort out the above mentioned problems there must be a proper solution. So we come up with the following solutions: 1. End of day deposit slips 2. Weekly rep[ort of restaurant 3. Sales report as per their device 4. Able to record order effectively and informing the user effectively 5. Inform drivers and restaurant at the click button Feasibility report Before I lay down the reports for the feasibility, we must be aware of the term feasibility. Feasibility is defined as the viability of project feasibility does not solve any problem but it gives a scope of solving problem. The aim of feasibility report is to find out the problem of the current system and meet the end user requirement. Our feasibility reports consist of the following: 1. Technical feasibility . Operational feasibility 3. Schedule feasibility 4. Economics feasibility Out here I will be reporting on technical feasibility. In this feasibility there are problems or issues which have to be looked at. The issues are as follows: * Is the proposed system technology is practical * Does the organization currently possess the necessary technology * Does the organization possess the necessary technical exp ertise * And if the technology is not present then is it affordable by the organization. Generally, the technology for the any defined solution is available. The question which should be considered is whether that technology is mature enough to be easily applied to the problem. Some firms like to use latest technology, but most of the firms prefer a mature and proven technology . A mature technology has a larger customer base for obtaining advice concerning problems and improvements. Assuming that the solution’s technology is practical, the next step is to determine whether it is available in the organization has the capacity to use it? If the answer to nay of the above questions is no, then the possibility of getting it from outside should be considered. If it is available outside, but is too costly for the organization to purchase it, then the alternative that requires the technology is not practical and is technically infeasible. Selecting the methodology In this we have to select the methodology for our project i. e. Waiter on Wheels customer support system. Basically there are two types of methodology used for the projects Structured System Analysis and Design Methodology and Object Oriented Methodology. We have chosen Structured System Analysis and Design Methodology (SSADM). Physical design Screen 1: In the screen shot 1 we deal about the customer information. Here you can clearly see that in the customer information we see that for every customer we have date, customer id, time, customer name and customer address. When the customer places the order we keep record of all the above information. First we note down the time and date at which the customer places the order and give them a customer id. After that we jot down their address. This is all we have in our screen shot 1 Screen 2: In screen shot we deal with the driver’s information that is responsible for delivery. All the details of the driver are fed in the form. The details which includes in the form are as follows: Driver name/id Order id Delivery time Closing shift time Contact no Reporting time Order time Screen 3: Third screen deals with the invoice bill. In this again date, time ,customer id, customer name, customer address are mentioned. There we also mention all the details of order such as items. Quantity and rate. And the total amount. This is for the customer so that he must be made aware of the orer he has placed and how much he is going to pay for his order. Screen4: Fourth screen deals with the transaction per day form. In this form all the details of the daily transaction are mentioned. Transaction form consists of order detail, total number of order placed in a day and total sale. In order detail all the details including the time at which it was ordered, then the name of drivers and his id is written . the name of restaurant and total bill are also mentioned. This helps them to maintain the record of their daily sales. Screen 5: Fifth form deal with all the information related to weekly report. The weekly report consists of information related to Restaurant Payment

Free Essays on THE AENEID-Choices

Choices Life is full of difficult choices. There is no getting around it. One must â€Å"suck it up† and â€Å"deal with it† because it is a part of life that will never change. These choices range from what clothes to wear in the morning to the person one is going to marry. Choices effect every part of everyday life. Some even effect years to come. So many times people believe that choices and their outcomes are all coincidence. Begging to differ, many times, choices are given to us to be made by God. Aeneas faced many adversities and had to make many choices throughout his lifetime and especially in his adulthood. The decisions Aeneas made were decisions that not many people would want to ever have to. For example, when Troy was first being attacked and Aeneas had to decide whether he was going to run and live to fight for his country or die trying to defend it when there was no hope. Even in a time of immense pressures, Aeneas made the choice to run, not as a coward, but as a man of hope and determination. This choice may have resulted in many losses of life and of faith, but in the end there was nothing but victory. Another instance of being faced with a choice to make was when Mercury was sent by Jupiter to give a message to Aeneas concerning his future. The choice was clear, he would either stay with his love, Dido, or he would follow the plan of the gods and head towards Italy. His heart was Dido’s and to take it back was the last thing he wanted to do. Aeneas had to choose between a relationship that had been consummated as would have been a marriage or the well being of his people. These people trusted Aeneas, and he knew that their lives were in his hands. When it came down to it, something had to be sacrificed and Aeneas knew what that sacrifice had to be. Even though Dido had difficulty understanding and never accepted the will of the gods as a reason, in the end all was well. Dido did take her own life, but in th... Free Essays on THE AENEID-Choices Free Essays on THE AENEID-Choices Choices Life is full of difficult choices. There is no getting around it. One must â€Å"suck it up† and â€Å"deal with it† because it is a part of life that will never change. These choices range from what clothes to wear in the morning to the person one is going to marry. Choices effect every part of everyday life. Some even effect years to come. So many times people believe that choices and their outcomes are all coincidence. Begging to differ, many times, choices are given to us to be made by God. Aeneas faced many adversities and had to make many choices throughout his lifetime and especially in his adulthood. The decisions Aeneas made were decisions that not many people would want to ever have to. For example, when Troy was first being attacked and Aeneas had to decide whether he was going to run and live to fight for his country or die trying to defend it when there was no hope. Even in a time of immense pressures, Aeneas made the choice to run, not as a coward, but as a man of hope and determination. This choice may have resulted in many losses of life and of faith, but in the end there was nothing but victory. Another instance of being faced with a choice to make was when Mercury was sent by Jupiter to give a message to Aeneas concerning his future. The choice was clear, he would either stay with his love, Dido, or he would follow the plan of the gods and head towards Italy. His heart was Dido’s and to take it back was the last thing he wanted to do. Aeneas had to choose between a relationship that had been consummated as would have been a marriage or the well being of his people. These people trusted Aeneas, and he knew that their lives were in his hands. When it came down to it, something had to be sacrificed and Aeneas knew what that sacrifice had to be. Even though Dido had difficulty understanding and never accepted the will of the gods as a reason, in the end all was well. Dido did take her own life, but in th...

Top 7 College Dating Blogs

Top 7 College Dating Blogs Dating and college – its easy to see why plenty of people think the two simply dont mix. Dealing with the emotional ups and downs of a relationship on top of papers, professors, essays and exams can be enough to send just about anyone running for the hills. But true love waits for no man – and no semester break – so when dating and relationships get to be a bit sticky, its time to turn to one of these 7 blogs about dating while in college to help see you through. You Can Get the Girl! Although this website focuses on how to get a girl, the advice is easily transferable for women looking to grab the guy of their dreams. However, since the focus is on women, this is an especially helpful website and blog even for those who simply dont know where to start. Their bloggers and writers focus on everything from approaching a girl for the first time to planning the perfect date and tips on how to follow up and turn that date into the beginning of something beautiful. The College Crush College may be a time for change, but some things always remain the same. When you find yourself in the throes of a full on crush, chances are youll feel like youre back in grade school. The College Crush crew are there to help with great information on how to tell if your crush might be flirting back or just leading you on along with tips on how to turn crushing on someone into a real life relationship. Once youve landed your crush, you can head on over to their helpful sections on developing a strong relationship and how to best blend your new significant other with the friends who have been there since Day One. College Gloss The College Gloss website offers a bit of everything and students can find help and advice on a wide array of topics, from the best way to make space in a cramped dorm room to how to maintain a relationship while youre dealing with a full class and work schedule. Although the feel and focus of the website will appeal mainly to women, men can find helpful advice on whether or not to wait a day to text, how sending good morning texts and email can boost a relationship and other relationship mysteries. Best of all, College Gloss offers a truly one stop experience from everything from getting dressed to finding an internship. College Candy College Candy tackles issues like relationships, hookups and style with the same passion other websites dedicate to studying, class selection and resume building. While their subject focus may be more light-hearted than most, the passion with which they write is second to none. The authors at College Candy help out with advice on overcoming shyness and difficulty breaking the ice as well as grappling with serious problems, stresses and strains that can seriously affect – and destroy – college relationships. They focus mainly on romance, style and friendships – all of which can make or break your college experience. When youve got your classes figured out but your fellow students are the real puzzle, College Candy comes to the rescue. College Passions Their name may sound like an afternoon soap opera, but College Passions is all about connecting students. Modeled after other popular dating websites, College Passions matches up co-eds based on location, major and shared interests. The website offers a completely free membership and its only open to college students so you wont have to worry about sifting through profiles looking for someone who understands where youre coming from in terms of the stress of college life. They also offer ways for members to chat online, a special email account and general resources to help with finding textbooks, saving money or just joining in their community forum. Her Campus Dont let the name throw you – Her Campus is there to help every student, albeit with a heaping helping of pink. Her Campus maintains an amazing amount of info and gets started at the beginning by helping high school students find the college of their choice, get tips on how to apply and ultimately how to survive the entire experience. In terms of relationship help, Her Campus provides readers by poking fun at the dating scene with lists like â€Å"The 8 Worst Pick-Up Lines Actually Attempted on Collegiettes† as well as help with more practical relationship problems like dealing with long holiday breaks and surviving through each others mid-term madness. Dating Advice As its name suggests, this is one of the most straight forward and simple dating websites around today. Featured on outlets such as CNN, the Huffington Post and HLN, Dating Advice delivers exactly what it says – advice on every aspect of dating imaginable. From negotiating your way through online dating to dealing with friends and significant others who just dont mix. They also offer a members forum and access to various studies and reports which will satisfy psychology majors and obsessive over-analyzers alike.

Social Inequalities in US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Social Inequalities in US - Essay Example John Adams fully comprehended the paramount principles of equal natural rights and he reckoned with the question with the inequalities in a constitution of a people. It was achieved through the careful institutional arrangement. However, Massachusetts’s citizens criticized and rejected the constitution that excluded Negroes, Indians and mulattoes from the state voting process. He realized the need to distinguish the nature’s unequal distribution of activity from the artificial inequalities that subverted the foundation of liberty and a people’s decency. Given the inevitable nature of inequality the statesman’s though was directed at reducing its effects and promoted the conversion of â€Å"natural aristocracy† to betterment of the society. This has greatly facilitated for awareness and fight for equality. Racism is less predominant among the Americans in recent times in comparison to earlier times. Earlier in the United States’ history, racis m resulted in African Americans being treated as second class citizens, and denied the rights to do many things including vote and go to school with white children and lived in slavery or servitude for a significant proportion of American history. There have been marked changes in the way that races have been treated as American history has progressed, and African Americans as well as other races are now legally considered equals to whites. This is evident by the recent election Barrack Obama, an African American as their 44th US president. His election on the contrary has not ended racism but has propagated its transformation However, a survey conducted by a prominent writer and educator at Harvard, wise, shows that 11 percent of the whites in America still are slaves of being racist, treating people differently because of their race. Another aspect of equality is the issue of class. People exist in different classes, such as those who are wealthy and the poor, and those who come f rom different social background. It is common for people of a higher class to consider themselves superior to others. For example, even in the present time, many people who have enough money to own a house and live well look down on people who are not able to do this, often refusing to associate with them. Nevertheless, class relations have become better throughout American history, as people of lower class are no longer treated as slaves or servants, and are no longer prohibited from knowing or marrying those of a higher class. The recent improvement of security improvement among the middle and low class has greatly equalized the social class problem. Martin Luther King, Jr. was one of the most profound civil right movement’s spokesmen and asserted for civil rights for African Americans on constitutional grounds. He emphasized on the legitimacy of the constitution in relation to the civil rights demonstrations. As the civil rights movement gained victory it revealed the vict ories in the terms of equality that were fought by the African Americans. Introduction of rights into the composition discourse is an example of a successful fight for equality to further develop racial equality by addressing literary issues. In the United States there has been a major improvement on issues regarding gender equality. Most women, in the 21st century, have benefited greatly from gender equality. Nevertheless some women still experience increased equality as a threat as imposing costs on them are augmenting. Post World War II has provided the necessity for

What is the use of the study of Intelligence in international Essay

What is the use of the study of Intelligence in international relations - Essay Example He points out that American and British intelligence efforts tended to focus upon Asian intelligence primarily as they related to Soviet targets, as a result, the rush to improve intelligence efforts in Asia after 1950 did not yield immediate results, while human intelligence operations, especially in China, North Korea and Soviet Asia were particularly dangerous. Additionally, the shock of the terrorist attacks of 9/11 in particular played a role in driving home the extent of vulnerability of Western societies and the need for reliable intelligence on imminent terrorist threats3. The 9/11 attack on the World Trade Center wreaked an unprecedented level of destruction and the attention of the world was drawn sharply to the dangers posed by the terrorist threat. According to Jessica Sterne, terrorism is not the kind of enemy that can be combated on an all out open combat basis4. She defines terrorism as â€Å"a kind of virus, which spreads as a result of risk factors at various levels: global, interstate, national and personal."5 Increasing globalization has seen Internet use widening to encompass a new sphere of activities facilitated through the electronic medium.6 Information and communication technology (ICT) is used by unscrupulous individuals to distort or modify information or to spread terrorist propaganda in a manner that is likely to disrupt the normal functioning of a Government/country and create terror and panic through the weapon of threat. Such cyber crimes involve combat with an unseen enemy, anonymous in the e-maze of the Internet, who is at an unspecific geographic location that cannot be determined and may not be organized in the traditional hierarchical framework which law enforcement agencies are familiar with, so that the focus of the attack becomes indeterminate. It’s now possible to achieve individually, using

Madness and Fear in Assignation, Cask of Admontillado, Fall of the Hous

Madness and Fear in Assignation, Cask of Admontillado, Fall of the House of Usher, and Masque of the Red Death Poe’s madmen are all obsessed with death. Existence within reality eventually becomes impossible. Poe usually places his madmen within a room or other enclosure, but they are rarely ever outside. When we do come across an exterior, nature does its best to repress, confine and enclose the man. The protagonist in Poe’s â€Å"The Assignation† sums up the combination of time and space within Poe’s stories and says, â€Å"I have †¦ framed for myself †¦ a bower of dreams. Properties of place, and especially of time, are the bugbears which terrify mankind from the contemplation of the magnificent† (301). The mental state of the character produces the setting and atmosphere, which usually results in the manifestation of that which is feared. The character manipulates his environment and uses tangible buildings and their contents as talismans or charms to outwit death. However, while the madman may try to circumvent death, it is actually the experi ence of dying that he fears, and despite his best intentions, death comes anyway. â€Å"The Cask of Admontillado† features the madman Montressor who seeks relief from his tormentor, and plans the perfect crime, â€Å"to punish with impunity† (274). Montressor painstakingly formulates the plan to rid himself of Fortunato, his tactless and unsuspecting friend. The fact that the crime is detailed meticulously in â€Å"Cask† is odd considering the narrator’s obsession with planning the perfect crime and his equal obsession with the absence of detection. Does the anxious tone in the confession-like story indicate that Montressor falls victim to his own perfect crime and awaits execution? In his confession, Mo... ...sity Press, 1987. 177-214. Kinkead-Weekes, Mark. â€Å"Reflections On, and In ‘The Fall of the House of Usher.’† Edgar Allan Poe: The Design of Order. Ed. A Robert Lee. New Jersey: Barnes & Noble Books, 1987. 17-65. Poe, Edgar Allan. â€Å"The Assignation.† The Complete Tales and Poems of Edgar Allan Poe. Ed. Hervey Allen. New York: Parkway Printing Company, 1938. 293-302. Poe, Edgar Allan. â€Å"The Cask of Admontillado.† The Complete Tales and Poems of Edgar Allan Poe. Ed. Hervey Allen. New York: Parkway Printing Company, 1938. 274-79. Poe, Edgar Allan. â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher.† The Complete Tales and Poems of Edgar Allan Poe. Ed. Hervey Allen. New York: Parkway Printing Company, 1938. 231-45. Poe, Edgar Allan. â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death.† The Complete Tales and Poems of Edgar Allan Poe. Ed. Hervey Allen. New York: Parkway Printing Company, 1938. 269-73.

Impact of Environmental Regulations on Industry

| IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS ON INDUSTRY| Individual Project BEng AE3082| | | | PIYUM CHATHURANGA PALLIYAGURUGE – K0920258 25/11/2011 | Marked By – Dr Andy Lung Contents Introduction2 Objectives3 Deliverables4 Literature Review (Findings up to date)5 1. General environmental issues and legislations5 2. Environmental legislations and issues on the manufacturing industry and materials6 3. Aerospace related environmental legislations and issues. 7 Gantt Chart9 Discussion10 Reference11 Bibliography11 Appendix11 Introduction The development of the world around us has been increasing rapidly in many areas during the past years.As a result of the development the human lifestyle has become easier and efficient. Unfortunately these benefits from development have come at a price, the price been environmental pollution. The developing process affects the environmental stability of the world in many different ways such as climate change, global warming and health hazards. With the intention of preventing or minimizing these negative effects, governments and other officials have brought forward many environmental regulations. These regulations have an influence on our daily lifestyle and on how industries operate.The history of environmental regulations in Europe goes back to the 19th century when the industrial revolution took place. In 1972 European officials introduced environmental policies with three main objectives. The main objectives were to prevent and reduce environmental damage, to support environmental stability and to balance the use of natural resources. Since then the environmental policies has been changing and affecting many industries around the globe. Some main industries include the building industry, automotive industry, manufacturing industry and aviation industry.Different industries handle environmental regulations using different approaches and the specific impact on the industry differs from one to another. Although the impac t on the industries differ the general out comes by enforcing regulations will remain the same. It is vital to look in to the bigger picture of global environmental protection rather than just concentrating on minor drawbacks which can occurs during the protection process. [EU Environmental Policies,2006] Environmental regulations also have a significant effect on the general public.It is reasonable to state that environmental policies have changed almost every aspect of our lives. Presently more and more people consider been eco-friendly which can be seen from their decision making. There is a direct link between the public and the industries. If the industries introduce more eco-friendly products the public will appreciate them and will consume, the best example for this is the hybrid car. This scenario also works the other way around; if the public insist to have more efficient and eco-friendly products the industry will fulfil their needs.By making this connection stronger it wi ll be easy to restore environmental stability and maintain it with less aggravation. Industries have taken many steps to minimise pollution and to prevent future pollution. This project will look in to the environmental impact on the aviation (aerospace) industry and how it will affect the future of the industry and it will also investigate where the aviation industry stands presently when it comes to environmental regulations. Aviation pollution is highly experienced in and around airports.This is the reason why I selected this specific project. My future plan is to study further on Airport Planning and Management; furthermore my ambition is to work for my country â€Å"Sri Lanka†. Sri Lanka is a developing country which has less experience on the subject of environmental pollution which is another reason for me to select this project. Objectives In order to make the progression of the project easy, the project is carried out in three main stages. This will also help to be o n track according to the project plan; these three stages are illustrated as following.Stage 1 – This stage helps to get an idea on what the project is really about and gives an idea what to expect in the future. Stage one mainly involves general broad reading. Objectives for stage one is as follows. * Planning the project * What is environmental pollution about * The history of the regulations established to protect the environment * Critical analysis of environmental regulations * How environmental regulations effect the general public * Environmental regulations and different industries * Future of the regulations * Introductions to aviation and environmental regulations * Any other general readingStage 2 – The stage two helps to build up own opinions and gain more information on the actual subject. One other main objective in stage two is to think about possible applications for the project. The objectives for stage two is as follows. * Altering the project plan if needed * Regulations on the aviation industry * How the industry act according to the regulations * How different is the aviation industry when compared to other industries * Building up an own opinion on the subject * Possible applications for the project * Report submission (the planning report)Stage 3 – This is the final stage of the project where the possible application is developed based on own opinions of the subject. The reading done in this stage should be more specified on the subject. By doing research it is important to do an in-depth analysis of specific subject data. By stage three the application of the project should be specifying a particular subject, if the application is too general or talks about many issues it will be hard to reach to a conclusion for the project. The objectives for stage three are as follows. * In-depth reading on specified subject area (aviation) Working on one specific application * Coming to a conclusion based on the specified applic ation * Presentation on the project * Report submission (final report) Deliverables General aim of the project was briefly explained earlier in the introduction. If it is to be recapped again, the general aim is to evaluate the impact by environmental legislations on the aerospace industry. For this particular topic there can be many end applications since it is a broad subject area, therefore it is important to narrow the subject matters into a one specified section and continue with the application.By the time the application is completed there will be some deliverables. To explain the deliverables a probable application is used. The application used here might not be exactly the same as the final application of the project since it is only an initial application. Application – Air Traffic (aviation) and environmental legislation What will be looked into? (What will be found out during the project? ) * How airlines operate (in the EU and Global) * Growth of the air transpor t * What is the impact What is the attitude from the airlines towards the regulations * Environmental damage including the present past and future * What will be the future for the aviation under the regulation * Comparison aviation to other industries (environmental aspects) * Some other points ( manufacture of aircrafts/economy/other related pollutions) * Finally criticizing the analysis with the own opinion Deliverables change according to a selected application. One other possible application that can be use is to look in to the manufacturing of aircrafts, materials used and how waste is treated according to environmental legislations.In order to gain all the mentioned deliverables the project should be at the end of stage three as stated in the objectives. Since this project is still at stage two the deliverables might change as the project progresses. Literature Review (Findings up to date) The initial literature review was done in three categories which are, 1. General (any i ndustry other than aerospace) environmental issues and legislations. 2. Environmental legislations and issue on manufacturing industry and materials. 3. Aerospace related environmental legislations and issues.This way of reading was used to make sure that a broad general knowledge is gained on environmental subjects before stepping in to the specified topic. 1. General environmental issues and legislations History of the environmental policies, legislations and organisations [EU Environmental Policies,2006] As mentioned earlier in the introduction the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) first brought forward official policies in 1973. Up to now 5 major regulation changes were done by the EPA. Changes were done to address current environmental issues which existed during specific times.EPA gatherings during the past years is as following, * 1st EPA 1973 – Made rules to save water, air and soil. Since it was the first EPA many other new rules were established. * 2nd EPA (1977 -1981) – Did not publish any new regulation. It was held to review the progress of the first EPA. * 3rd EPA (1982-1986) – Discussion on the impact of environmental legislations and economy. Emission rules and how to effectively get rid of waste. * 4th EPA (1987-1992) – Increasing the general quality of the regulations. Introducing taxing and emission permits.Discussion on waste cycles. Analysing impacts on the economy caused by environmental regulations. Discussion on climate changes. * Last EPA up to date (1997-2003) – Renewal of emission standards. * Nest EPA – climate change, natural resources, recycling etc. A critical analysis of EU environmental legislations [EU Environmental Policies,2006] * Environmental regulations change all the time. * In some cases environmental regulations has an influence on economy. * It has been 30 year from the beginning of the EPA but still they are unable to complete some projects.Natural resource use has been in creased and destruction of natural habitats has also increased. * The laws are not effective and regulations are not accessible for the public. The public should be educated more about pollution. Construction industry and environmental impact [Natural Building Technology,2011] * The construction industry induce 7% (from the total) carbon dioxide in the UK. Using of buildings induce 50% carbon dioxide. * Getting rid of the waste is a major issue faced by the construction industry. * Construction industry requires natural resources such as wood. This leads to environmental pollution. Most of the natural resources are taken from China, India and South East Asia, therefore the damage is not directly done to the county where buildings are constructed. Environmental legislation impact on the automotive industry [The Open University,2003] * First emission standards were introduced in 1959 for carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emission. * Most of the world use emission testing for vehicles. * The regulations are tight on the diesel engine use. * Due to the regulations engine life span is getting less and new designs are introduced frequently. * Regulations has changed customer point of view.They are looking for more efficient engines with less noise for a reasonable price. * Due to the hybrid and electric vehicles the future of the diesel engine is not promising. 2. Environmental legislations and issues on the manufacturing industry and materials Environmental Materials [UK Centre for Materials Education, 2011] * Stages of material usage include extraction, production, product design and disposal. * The subject environmental materials look in to the material structure, chemical and physical properties. Other than that it also looks in to the economical point of view. Picture below shows the lifecycle of a material Diagram 01, Life Cycle Analysis [UK Centre for Materials Education, 2011] The impact of environmental regulations on the UK manufacturing sector [Nottingham U niversity, 2011] * In a country the economy and environmental pollution is not proportional if that country has proper regulations. * Current regulations act as a helping hand towards the development. * Some regulations are not helping innovation. * More flexible regulations are good for the economy. * UK manufactures always select the short term regulations. * Many companies now use materials with produce less waste. . Aerospace related environmental legislations and issues. Growth of aviation [Professor John Whitelegg ,2000] * Since 2006 the growth has been 30% and it will double by 2020. The growth from 1995 to 2015 is nearly 300%. * Aviation has the highest growth rate of all modern transport methods. * Global revenue passenger kilometres (RPK) increased by a factor of 4. 6 (since 1970-1995). RPK growth for different regions are- North America 27. 5%/Europe 12. 5%/America to Europe 11%/ Asia to America to Europe 12. 7/rest of the world 36. 5%. But by today Asia (china and India) has the highest RPK due to the rapid development. By 2015 310 million passengers will go through UK airports (in 1995 it was 126 million). Noise pollution by aviation[Professor John Whitelegg ,2000] * The noise pollution is commonly experienced around the airports. Officials claims that the noise footprint of the UK airports has gone down, but complaints from the public against the new terminal 5 in Heathrow airport proved that claim was wrong. * In Netherland noise pollution by aircrafts is 12%. * UK officials claim that the number of people exposed to noise pollution has rapidly gone down, but Germany had done an investigation on the same matter and came up with a different claim.They stated that there is an increase in the number of people who are exposed. * Noise pollution effects human health in many different ways. Pollution by aircraft emission [Professor John Whitelegg ,2000] * Gasses which pollute the environment – carbon monoxide/ nitrogen oxides/ ozone / particula te matter (PM)/ volatile organic compounds (VOC)/ sulphur dioxide. * UK officials claim that aviation pollution is insignificant, but US data for Zurich and Stockholm airports show that aviation emission pollution is significant in well-defined geographical area. Table below shows the Heathrow airport annual emission data Diagram 02, Heathrow airport annual emission [Professor John Whitelegg ,2000] * Prediction shows that by 2050 carbon dioxide will increase by 588% and nitrogen Oxide by 411%. * Aircraft emission at upper troposphere and lower stratosphere can cause serious climate change problems. Policy measures and management in aviation [Professor John Whitelegg ,2000] * There are fewer regulations for the aviation industry when compared to other industries. * Aviation industry should also follow regulations as other industries do. Current environmental regulations on aviation are out dated. * Aircraft fuel is not under any taxing. * To control pollution it is important to manag e the transport demand. * If a new regulation is introduces it should be introduced step by step. All the above mentioned points are from initial literature review. These data are brief descriptions obtained from broad reading. More detailed data are available in the log book. Gantt Chart The time period from 29/09/11 to 25/11/11 represents the stage one and two from the objectives.By the time this report is completed this section will be completed. Stage one and two has only got four slots allocated and it is only a quarter of the total slots available. This shows that the amount of work which has to be done in stage 3 is comparatively high. The time allocation for specified reading, preparation for the final report and project seminar report and poster submission is relatively high. These are very important tasks of the project therefore they are going to consume more time relative to other tasks. The third stage starts on the 26/11/11 and it ends on 26/04/12.Note – A full sized Gantt chart is attached in the appendix. Discussion The initial literature review shows general connections and areas where environment regulations have failed to achieve the required results. The regulations have been there for almost 30 years now but still most of the issues are not completely solved. Greenhouse gas emission has considerably decreased during the past years, but the rate of decline is not that impressive. The natural resource use has also rapidly increased up to a point where the general public can feel the effects of it.It is fair to say that the world is in desperate need of finding alternative sustainable energy methods to survive in the future. There is a hidden truth behind the use of natural resource by developed countries. Most of the developed countries have limited their natural resource use but in order to fulfil their needs, natural resources are imported from other developing countries. This may seem great on the developed countries side but what they do not realise is the fact that negative effects from harvesting natural resources (no matter where it comes from) is going to be global.By going through the data I feel like the environmental regulations has gone easy on the aviation industry when compared to other industries. Best example for this is the fact that automotive emission percentages are declining while aircraft emissions are on the rise. As an excuse for this most officials (mainly in the UK) compares data from 30 years back and claims, there is a drop in emission levels, but what they are not doing is, comparing data with other industries. If the emission is compared with other industries it will be glaringly obvious that more work should be done on aircraft emission standards.One main reason for the slackness towards the environmental regulation on aviation industry is that aircraft traffic only contributes a small percentage towards the total pollution of the planet. But this claim is not that accurate, it doe sn’t take in to account the manufacturing process of aircrafts, natural resources used in the process and vehicle emissions due to airport traffic. Emission is not the only environmental problem caused by aviation, noise pollution is another main issue caused by aviation. New research shows that exposition to high noise levels can cause serious damage to people.People who are continually exposed to high noise levels are more likely to gain noise related health issues, due to this fact living near airports can be a prime reason for health hazards. Likewise there are many unsolved problems involving the environmental pollution and aircraft industry. More details regarding issues and practical solutions for the issues will be researched and criticised in the next stage of this project. Furthermore an appropriate application will also be used to narrow the subject in order to make it more specific.Reference * EU Environmental Policies, 2006 – A short history of the policy strategies. [Online ] Available at : < http://www. eeb. org/publication/chapter-3. pdf> Last accessed 20th Oct 2011 * Natural Building Technology, 2011– Environmental Impact. [Online ] Available at : < http://www. natural-building. co. uk/environmental_impact. html> Last accessed 30th Sep 2011 * The Open University, 2003– Environmental legislation as a driver of design. [Online ] Available at : < http://oro. open. ac. uk/13233/1/13233. df> Last accessed 3th Oct 2011 * UK Centre for Materials Education, 2011– Environmental Materials. [Online ] Available at : < http://www. materials. ac. uk/guides/environmental. asp> Last accessed 24th Oct 2011 * Nottingham University, 2011– The Impact of Environmental Regulations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. [Online ] Available at : < http://www. nottingham. ac. uk/business/lizrr1_Profrep. pdf> Last accessed 26th Oct 2011 * Professor John Whitelegg ,2000– Aviation: the social, economic and environmental impact of flying [Online ] Available at : < http://www. reco. org/air10. pdf> Last accessed 27th Oct 2011 Bibliography * The Economic Impact of Environmental Regulation (Page 1) (http://web. mit. edu/polisci/mpepp/Reports/Econ%20Impact%20Enviro%20Reg. pdf) * Carbon Capture & Storage (http://www. scottish-enterprise. com/~/media/SE/Resources/Documents/ABC/Carbon-capture-and-storage-opportunities-for-Scotland. ashx) * Environmental law (http://www. ukela. org/rte. asp? id=14) Appendix