Science Of Economics By Neuroscientist Marco Iacaboni

4. Mirror neurons are a major component in brain functioning, and thus it gives them a primary role in pscyho-economic reasoning. Their integral nature in decision-making produces various outlying effects like contagion and feeds into instinctual behaviors such as confidence. The neurons, which were popularized within the field of economics by neuroscientist Marco Iacaboni, have since played a big role in discerning group dynamics. Mirror neurons themselves are a pivotal factor in bridging perception and action as they help prep responses. As discovered by four Italian scientists in Parma, Italy, mirror neurons fire as a function of perception, but it may not lead to any discernable action. Put more straightforward, mirror neurons are a set of neurons that produce a mirror like firing sequence in response to a stimulus, but they do not necessarily cause any physical motor reaction. The scientists who first proposed this phenomenon showed that neurons present in the premotor co rtex of macaque monkeys showed near parallel bursts of activity between a perception and actual execution of a particular task, in this case grasping an object. Mirror neurons are unique as they are universal in the brain. They mirror actions, emotions, and even potentially sentiments. Moreover, Iacaboni even went as far to suggest they serve as the basis for complex states such as morality. In this sense mirror neurons have the potential to be major factors within group dynamics as they can

Correlation between Gender and Math Anxiety - 2877 Words

INTRODUCTION The purpose of reviewing this literature is to see if there is evidence that there is a correlation between gender and math anxiety and, specifically, whether there is a higher frequency of math anxiety among female students than male students. Current literature shows that there is no difference in actual aptitude for mathematics yet there remains a perception that males are stronger mathematics students (Spelke, 2005). Math Anxiety will be referred to by the The Children’s Anxiety in Math Scale and the The Fennema Sherman Math Attitude Scales. The Children’s Anxiety in Math Scale explains highly math anxious students report low enjoyment of math and they suffer from low self-efficacy in math (Jameson, 2013). Specific scale components include performing math, performing math in social situations, thinking about math, and struggling in math. Responses are measured using a facial images scale with five facial expressions ranging from very anxious (scored as a 5) to not at all anxious (scored as a 1). Higher scores represent higher levels of math anxiety (Jameson, 2013). The Fennema Sherman Math Attitude Scales explains in test sample items confidence in learning math (i.e. â€Å"I can get good grades in mathematics†) and mathematics anxiety (i.e., â€Å"Mathematics makes me feel uneasy and confused†). The confidence scale has positive wording that indicates a high level of confidence in math abilities and negative wording that indicates a low level of confidence. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Gender On Math Anxiety Among College Students1674 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effect of Gender on Math Anxiety Among College Students The purpose of this study is to measure the different effects math anxiety has on female and male undergraduate college students. 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Acute Ankle Inversion Sprain Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Ankle is a complex articulation which is categorized as a flexible joint articulation. It is one of the of import constituent for ambulation in worlds. Ankle sprains are one of the commonest hurts in sports. We will write a custom essay sample on Acute Ankle Inversion Sprain Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It accounts for 20 % of all athleticss hurts ( Bergfeld J ; 2004 ) .In India, incidence rate of mortise joint sprain histories for 0.31 % of the population and the opportunities of re-injury is seen every bit high as 78-80 % despite the continued research in this field ( Statistics for ankle sprain ; 2003 ) . The pathomechanics for ankle inversion hurt is inversion and plantar flexure of the ankle articulation. There is loss of dorsiflexion and inversion scope of gesture which is attributed to trouble and swelling ( Denegar CR et Al ; 2002 ) , ( Collins et Al ; 2004 ) .According to Denegar C et Al ( 2002 ) the loss of dorsiflexion scope of gesture is due to limitation of posterior talar semivowel. This suggests that in an acute mortise joint inversion sprain the loss of dorsiflexion scope of gesture could be due to mechanical disfunction in talocrural articulation. The conventional intervention for acute mortise joint sprain is RICE ( remainder, ice, compaction, lift ) .The chief purpose of conventional intervention ( RICE ) is chiefly to cut down hurting and redness ( Starkey JA ; 1976 ) , ( Slatyer MA et Al ; 1997 ) . The conventional intervention ( RICE ) with early motion is found to be more effectual for cut downing hurting, swelling and bettering mobility ( Dettori et al ; 1994 ) . Because of the ineffectualness of conventional intervention for handling the positional disfunction caused due to acute ankle inversion hurt the joint becomes more susceptible to injury ( Hertel J et Al, 1999 ) . Manual Therapy focuses on decrease of hurting and rectification of the postural and motion disfunction due to ankle sprain. Harmonizing to Maitland classs of mobilisation class I and II mobilisation is used in acute status and class II mobilisation is seem effectual in cut downing hurting and bettering dorsiflexion scope of motion in acute musculoskeletal conditions. Maitland classs of mobilisation improves the ankle dorsiflexion in acute ankle inversion sprain ( Green et Al ; 2001 ) and reduces pain by transition of nervous tissue ( Vincenzino B et Al ; 1998 ) . Harmonizing to Maitland GD ( 1986 ) , inactive articulation mobilisation improves the scope of motion by soft oscillating motion of the articular surfaces that creates motion of the nomadic sections by a means other than the musculuss.According to Collins et Al ( 2004 ) , Mulligan ‘s mobilisation with motion technique is effectual in cut downing hurting and improves dorsiflexion of ankle articulation. A individual inst ance survey done by O Brien, B.Vincenzino ( 1998 ) showed that Mulligan Mobilization with motion technique on acute mortise joint sprain improved the scope of motion ( dorsiflexion and inversion ) , functional result and reduced the hurting. Harmonizing to pilot survey conducted by John-Mark Chesney, Erin Morris, Mulligan ‘s mobilisation with motion technique and tape had important consequence on temporal and spacial parametric quantities of pace. Immediate lessening in hurting and an early return to map are claimed to be consequence of Mulligan ‘s mobilisation with motion Mulligan 1995 ; Vincenzino Wright 1995 ; Hetherington 1996 ) . However, the deficiency of equal grounds in literature for the effectivity of Mulligan ‘s anterior-to-posterior talar semivowel with motion technique in acute ankle inversion sprain failed to turn out its clinical and statistical significance in research methods. The above literature besides shows deficiency of surveies done to compar e the effects of Maitland and Mulligan mobilisation technique in intervention of acute ankle inversion sprain. Hence, the purpose of the survey is to happen the immediate consequence of Mulligan ‘s anterior-to-posterior talar mobilisation with motion technique in acute ankle inversion sprain with RICE and compare the consequences with that of Maitland anterior-to-posterior talar semivowel mobilisation with RICE for intervention of acute ankle inversion sprain. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Ankle articulation is a complex articulation due to its articular, ligamentous and sinewy anatomy. The anterior talofibular ligament restricts anterior interlingual rendition and internal rotary motion of talus inside the mortice. The conjugate gesture during plantar flexure happens as internal rotary motion and anterior interlingual rendition of scree aided by deltoid ligament. The calcaneofibular ligament restricts inversion of the talocrural and subtalar articulation. The posterior talofibular ligament restricts inversion and internal rotary motion after calcaneofibular ligament and anterior talofibular ligament undergo hurt. Harmonizing to Konradsen and Voight ( 2002 ) an inversion torsion was produced on lading a cadaverous leg, when the unloaded pes was positioned in 30 degree inversion, full plantar flexure and 10 degree internal tibial rotary motion. The hit with 20 grade upside-down pes in swing stage follow through forced the pes into full bound of inversion, plantar flexure and internal tibial rotary motion. Harmonizing to Denegar CR et Al ( 2002 ) in normal biomechanics the instantaneous axis of rotary motion of talocrural articulation translates posteriorly during dorsiflexion, but in anterior malaligned scree or with restricted posterior talar semivowel the axis of rotary motion is shifted anteriorly taking to joint disfunction. Harmonizing to Baumhauer JF et Al ( 1995 ) old history of sprain, limited scope of gesture and decreased dorsiflexor and plantar flexor strength ratio, elevated eversion to inversion ratio have been attributed to predisposing to inversion hurt. Harmonizing to Eren OT et Al ( 2003 ) high malleolar index ( posteriorly positioned calf bone ) is attributed to predisposing factor to twist. Average malleolar index was +11.5 grade in topics with ankle sprain and +5.85 degree in normal controls. Green T in 2001 used a Modified Lidcombe Template to mensurate the hurting free dorsiflexion scope of gesture happening in talocrural articulation. The templet consisted of 2 boards joined by an adjustable flexible joint. One board served as a footplate and other was placed under the topic ‘s calf. The adjustable flexible joint served as the axis of rotary motion of templet in perpendicular plane and the board placed under the topic ‘s calf allowed for accommodation in horizontal plane. The measuring was standardized by mensurating both force applied and the angle of dorsiflexion at which the topic foremost experienced the hurting ( Matyas T, Bach T ; 1985 ) . The force applied was standardized throughout the trail by spring balance and the way of force was standardized by spirit degree attached to the spring. The device showed high intrarater and interrater dependability of which 29 % were in exact understanding and 84.5 % were within 2 grades, ICC=0.94. The conventional direction of mortise joint sprain is RICE in acute phase of hurt. The functional intervention processs with early induction of weight bearing as tolerated, early mobilisation, proprioceptive preparation, balance preparation has been advocated to supply early functional rehabilitation to topics. Harmonizing to Bahr R ( 2004 ) and Bruce Beynnon B, ( 2004 ) the direction of sprain dressed ores on inactive and dynamic stableness, deriving normal ankle scope of gesture, optimum strength of peroneal, dorsiflexors, plantar flexors, and invertor musculuss of mortise joint and retraining ankle scheme. Harmonizing to Kerkhoffs et Al ( 2002 ) functional intervention is superior to immobilisation and surgical intercession in countries of hurting on activity, quality of public presentation on return to sport/work, objectives instability on x-ray positions and patient satisfaction. Manual therapy in ankle inversion sprain Maitland ‘s Mobilization Green et Al ( 2001 ) conducted a randomized controlled test of inactive accoutrement joint mobilisation on acute ankle inversion sprain. The survey included 38 topics with acute ankle inversion sprain ( lt ; 72hours ) and were indiscriminately assigned to command group ( RICE ) and experimental group ( anterior-to-posterior mobilisation and RICE ) .Treatment was given every 2days for maximal 2weeks.The intervention technique used in this survey was Maitland ‘s class 3 front tooth to posterior talar semivowel of scree. Consequences showed that dorsiflexion improved earlier in experimental group as compared to the control group. Elizabeth L et Al ( 2008 ) conducted a survey in which 10 topics were taken with immobilized mortise joint for at least 14 yearss and presented with at least 5 grade of dorsiflexion shortage compared to contralateral mortise joint. A crossing over design was employed and topics received Maitland ‘s class 3 mobilisation in one group and control intercession ( no intervention ) in other group. Consequences showed that joint mobilisation led to a decrease in hurting and betterments in unpainful dorsiflexion. Mulligan mobilisation with motion technique Collins et Al ( 2004 ) conducted a double-blinded randomized controlled test with a crossing over design attack. In this survey 14 topics with grade 2 mortise joint sprain were taken. The dorsiflexion in weight-bearing and thermic hurting threshold were calculated. All the topics undergo 3 intervention conditions-Mulligan ‘s mobilisation with motion technique for dorsiflexion, placebo group and control group ( no intervention ) .Results showed that the talar anterior-to-posterior semivowel improved the recovery rate in intervention with Mulligan ‘s mobilisation with motion technique. The survey conducted by Collins N was done on topics with sub ague mortise joint sprain. T O’Brien, B.Vincenzino ( 1998 ) conducted a individual instance survey to look into the effects of Mulligan ‘s with motion technique mobilisation for acute sidelong mortise joint sprain. The technique used in this survey was posterior semivowel to distal fibular while patient actively inverted the mortise joint. In the survey 2 topics with acute mortise joint sprain were used to command for natural declaration of mortise joint sprain. Capable I underwent ABAC protocol while capable II BABAC protocol where A was no intervention stage B was intervention stage and C was post intervention return to feature stage. The result steps Modified Kaikkonen test functional result, VAS for hurting and scope of dorsiflexion and inversion were measured pre and station of each intercession session. Consequences showed rapid betterment of scope of gesture ( inversion and dorsiflexion ) and immediate lessening in hurting. Therefore from the above surveies we can deduce that anterior-to-posterior talar semivowel technique in both Maitland and Mulligan mobilisation is effectual in handling ankle inversion sprain than the RICE protocol entirely. The above surveies besides infer that Maitland ‘s classs of mobilisation is significantly effectual in bettering dorsiflexion scope in acute mortise joint sprain. However, Mulligan ‘s mobilisation had shown effectual consequences in handling mortise joint sprain in subacute status. The survey done by T O’Brien, B.Vincenzino ( 1998 ) shows the effectivity of Mulligan ‘s mobilisation with motion technique in bettering dorsiflexion scope of gesture in acute mortise joint sprain but the survey design leads to restriction of generalisation of its findings. However, it does supply the cognition to carry on a random clinical trail in public-service corporation of Mulligan ‘s mobilisation with motion technique in the intervention of acute a nkle inversion sprain and to compare the consequences with Maitland ‘s classs of mobilisation to happen the best effectual intervention method for bettering the recovery rate in ague mortise joint inversion sprain. IDENTIFICATION OF RESEARCH PROPOSAL QUESTION Does Mulligan ‘s anterior-to-posterior talar semivowel is effectual in bettering dorsiflexion in topics with acute ankle inversion sprain than Maitland ‘s anterior-to-posterior talar semivowel mobilisation. ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS Mulligan ‘s anterior-to-posterior talar semivowel is effectual than Maitland ‘s classs of mobilisation in bettering dorsiflexion scope of gesture in topics with acute ankle inversion sprain. NULL HYPOTHESIS Mulligan ‘s anterior-to-posterior talar semivowel is non effectual than Maitland ‘s classs of mobilisation in bettering dorsiflexion scope of gesture in topics with acute ankle inversion sprain. Methodology Design An Experimental, Comparative, Randomized Controlled Trail design. The survey will be individual blinded to avoid any possible prejudice. The topics will be allocated to 3 group of interventions-Mulligan ‘s anterior-to-posterior talar semivowel with motion technique with RICE, Maitland ‘s anterior-to-posterior talar semivowel mobilisation with RICE, and 3rd group RICE entirely.Outcome step will mensurate the grade of dorsiflexion pre and station to each session which will be measured by the assessor blinded to the allotment of topics to the groups. Subjects The survey will be conducted by enrolling 90 samples through convenience sampling by giving advertizements and notices to orthopaedic and physiotherapy section in MS Ramaiah Memorial infirmary and the infirmaries nearby its environing countries. The topics recruited will be diagnosed for acute ankle inversion sprain and referred by radiotherapist through X-Ray imagination. To keep the homogeneousness of the groups all the topics will be recruited based on Inclusion and exclusion standards. Inclusion criteria-All topics of age group 20-30years of age, History of ankle inversion hurt with hurting over sidelong facet of mortise joint ( lt ; 72hours ) of hurt, shortage of at least 5 grades of dorsiflexion, topics are able to partial weight bear on affected mortise joint, hurting, swelling and tenderness over sidelong facet of mortise joint. Exclusion criteria-Subjects holding ankle break, any history of old surgery or sprain on affected leg, any consumption of anti-inflammatory or anti- coagulants post hurt, subjects with vascular diseases. ETHICAL APPROVAL The ethical blessing will be taken from Ethical Board of MS Ramaiah Memorial Hospital along with the permission of other infirmaries near by its milieus. Subjects will be given a transcript of informed consent with the inside informations of the survey and the confidentiality of patient ‘s forces information and information obtained after the survey will be maintained. Subjects can retreat from survey at any given point of clip. VENUE/LOCATION OF THE STUDY The survey will be conducted in MS Ramaiah Memorial Hospital Physiotherapy Department, Bangalore. A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRAIL STUDY An experimental randomized controlled trail -single blinded survey will be conducted on 90 topics with acute ankle inversion sprain. The technique of the intercessions will be finalized during the survey and side-effects or any mistake in the intercession will be noted and rectified. RESEARCH METHOD AND EXPERIMENTAL INTERVENTION 90 samples will be recruited by convenience sampling. The samples will be assessed for acute ankle inversion sprain by X-Ray imaging done by the radiotherapist in radiology section of MS Ramaiah Memorial Hospital. The topics will be indiscriminately assigned to 3 groups by chit method. Each group will be assigned 30 topics. The research worker who will carry on the survey is a qualified physical therapist who specializes in manual therapy. After the allotment of the group the experimental group I will have Mulligan ‘s front tooth to posterior talar semivowel along with active dorsiflexion of mortise joint which will be followed by RICE application. The mobilisation will be performed in weight bearing in which the healer applies a postero-anterior force to distal leg through a intervention belt while stabilising the pes and scree ( Mulligan ; 1999 ) .The experimental group II will have Maitland ‘s anterior-to-posterior talar semivowel ( Grade II ) followed by RICE application. The mobilisation will be performed with capable lying supine and the mortise joint will be positioned over the border of pedestal with proximal manus of healer stabilising the distal shinbone and calf bone while the distal manus will mobilise the scree with posteriorly directed osc illation ( Maitland ; 1977 ) .Group III will have RICE intervention for upper limit of 2 hebdomads. Subjects in experimental group I and II will be treated every 2nd twenty-four hours for upper limit of 2 hebdomads. Therefore 6 Sessionss of intervention over 14 yearss will be done. Three sets of 10 repeats will be applied with 1 minute between sets ( Exelby, 1996 ) in both mobilisation technique. Pain experienced during intervention will ensue in immediate surcease of technique and exclusion of the topic from survey. Result MEASURES Dorsiflexion scope of gesture will be measured by Modified Lidcombe templet. The templet enabled standardised measuring of dorsiflexion scope of motion. The axis of rotary motion of mortise joint was aligned with adjustable axis of rotary motion of templet. The spring balance attached to the footplate step the force applied in the standardised way. A hydrogoniometer placed on the footplate measures the scope of dorsiflexion in grades. The templet have a high intrarater and interrater dependability of which 29 % were in exact understanding and 84.5 % were within 2 grades, ICC=0.94. Hydrogoniometer have high intraclass coefficients ( 0.84-0.99 ) which revealed high understanding between the raters ( Lex D.De Jong et Al ; 2007 ) RESULTS AND DATA ANALYSIS The dorsiflexion scope of motion measured will be in grades which represent a parametric information. The information collected pre and station of each 6 session in group I and group II will be analyzed by related t trial ( i.e. within the group ) and unrelated T trial will be done to compare between the group I and group II for dependent variable. One manner ANOVA will be used for analysis of informations from all the 3 groups along with Scheffe trial to happen the most effectual group for intervention of acute ankle inversion sprain. The degree of significance will be set at 0.5 ; the chance will be calculated based on the T value with grade of freedom tabular array. The assurance interval will be kept to 95 % . ANNEXURE PROJECT TIMELINE The overall estimated clip required for the completion of the survey is 8months i.e. 1 month for ethical clearance, 4 months for the randomized controlled trail, informations aggregation and information analysis, 1 month for composing up and showing consequences and 2 months for printing consequences. Undertakings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ethical clearance + Randomized controlled trail A ; amend informations aggregation tools + Data aggregation + + + Datas analysis + + Writing up A ; showing consequences + Printing consequences + + Budget The overall appraisal of the budget is Rs30, 000 which includes X-RAY imaging – Rs20, 000 ( 90 topics ) Modified Lidcombe Template and hydrogoniometer – Rs5000 Stationary – Rs1000 Transportation system and refreshments – Rs4000 INFORMED CONSENT Introduction This is an informed consent given to a topic who wishes to take part in research survey. Please red the informed consent carefully or you can inquire anyone of your relation who you trust can read this informed consent for you in your linguistic communication by interpreting it. Please experience free to inquire any inquiries you have about this informed consent or research survey in your head. Please sign the consent signifier merely after you have no uncertainties about the research survey or consent signifier. Make non subscribe the consent signifier under any sort of force per unit area. Title of Research Project Immediate effects of Mulligan ‘s anterior-to-posterior talar semivowel with motion technique versus Maitland ‘s anterior-to-posterior talar semivowel for hurting free dorsiflexion in acute ankle inversion sprain. Research worker SUMIT KIMOTHI M. Sc in Clinical Physiotherapy. Purpose Of Study Acute mortise joint sprain has high per centum re-injury. Mulligan ‘s mobilisation with motion technique helps in bettering dorsiflexion scope of gesture by rectification of positional disfunction of articulation. This survey is to happen the consequence of Mulligan ‘s mobilisation with motion technique and compare it with effects of Maitland ‘s classs of mobilisation in intervention of acute ankle inversion sprain. Description of Study After being diagnosed with acute ankle inversion sprain you will be sent to the physical therapy section in physical therapy section. The research worker will explicate you about the intervention technique and the survey and an informed consent will be given to you based on your determination your engagement will be decided. If you wish to take part a intervention technique selected for the several group in which you will allocated will be performed on you and the appraisal will be taken earlier and after the intervention session. The continuance of intervention is 2 hebdomads and if there is any alterations, you will be informed prior. Possible Hazards or Complication The intervention technique itself has no side-effects or complication and it will be performed by a qualified physical therapist in Manual Therapy. Treatment Alternative If the therapy is non effectual to you, you will be provided with an alternate intervention with free of cost. Fiscal Deductions All the disbursals sing the research work including the probe, transit, nutrient disbursals and intervention will be free of cost. Potential Benefits The survey may be good to society and persons of similar status. You can profit by bettering you status with aid of this intervention. Engagement Engagement in this research survey is voluntary. If the participant wants to retreat he/she can retreat at any given point of clip. CONSENT FORM I have read the predating information, or it has been read to me. I have had the chance to inquire inquiries about it and any inquiries that I have asked have been answered to my satisfaction. I consent voluntarily to take part as a participant in this research and understand that I have the right to retreat from the research at any clip without in any manner impacting my medical attention. Name of the participant _____________________ Signature of participant _____________________ Date: _____________________ Day/month/year ___________________ If nonreader A literate informant must subscribe ( if possible, this individual should be selected by the participant and should hold no connexion to the research squad ) . I have witnessed the accurate reading of the consent signifier to the possible participant, and the person has had the chance to inquire inquiries. I confirm that the person has given consent freely. Name of informant ___________________ AND Thumb print of participant Signature of informant ___________________ Date: ______________ Day/month/year ______________ I have accurately read or witnessed the accurate reading of the consent signifier to the possible participant, and the person has had the chance to inquire inquiries. I confirm that the person has given consent freely. Print Name of Researcher _________________ Signature of Researcher ___________________ Date __________ Day/month/year ____________ A transcript of this Informed Consent Form has been provided to participant ____________ ( initialed by the researcher/assistant ) For more information contact: Sumit Kimothi M. Sc in clinical physical therapy, MS Ramaiah Memorial Hospital, Bangalore. 9916261101 ASSESSMENT CHART Name: Age: Sexual activity: Site of Disorder: Mode of Treatment: Measurement: Parameters Before Treatment After Treatment Dorsiflexion scope of gesture Signature of Clinician: Signature of Chief Physiotherapist: How to cite Acute Ankle Inversion Sprain Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Logistics Inc. An Ancient Organization for Travelling

Question: Discuss about thr Logistics Inc. for An Ancient Organization for Travelling . Answer: Introduction Logistics Inc. is an ancient organization for travelling around Scotland. They are going to unify 3 of their businesses Daze Travel, Dynasty Travel, and 2point4 Travel. This includes the movement of all the 10 offices comprising of the selling units, into one office building. Additionally, it has all the necessary information to effectively and efficiently create a project plan, that will successfully execute the project and project management methodologies. For handling the project, it is critical to follow the normal benchmarks of project management, such as the PMBOK or the Project Management Body of Knowledge. The success of the event is ensured by this, and it will be easy to manage. PMBOK is famous in the domain of project management since it can be applied to all typeS of projects and it has been proven to be effective. The main difference between PMBOK and other famous processes such as PRINCE2 is that PMBOK provides the core structure of the accounts and scope management. Project Scope Goals The most prosperous business section is the rewarding market of holiday packages, that is currently segmented into 3 exclusive selling operations, requires relocation into one steadfast call center so that it can continue to offer excellent customer services. Additionally, the organization will be able to handle the dynamic and increasing expectations and requirement of the consumers. Aims To create a reasonable operational environment that will support future requirements. To handle the consumers requirement for the advanced and latest technological experience. To monitor market trends in competition and growth. To enhance the communications platforms among the 3 business entities. To enhance Logistics Inc.s brand image and enhance quality of services. To combine the 3 business units of the organization into a single operation. To create quicker, more efficient, and improved process of influencing the dynamic and large customer base. Deliverables The proposed project will comprise of the underlying deliverables A successful amalgamation and unification of the 3 sections of business of Logistics Inc. into one single foundation at Ricarton, England. Project manager will create the plan of the project. The approval for the event from the organization will be tackled by the project manager. The event venue requires approval. The kind of crafts which are allowed to be sold requires approval. The resources roles and responsibilities require approval. Technical Requirement The projects operational requirement is a parking lot which will support the vehicles of 100 employees. Constraints and Exclusions The exclusions and constraints of the project are (A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, 2000) Relocation start date finalization No external supplier/contractor/consultant downtime that might have a negative influence on the amalgamation and unification is permitted. Budgeting and funding. Building of new call center Completion of project will be done at least a day prior to the event. Else, extra resources are required for project completion on time. This might enhance project budget. The requirements are to be finished according to project timeline. The project will be completed with supplies allocated. Additional supplies are not permitted. Customer Review Scottish Travel, Logistics Owner. Milestones The milestones of the project are as follows Creation of detailed plan of the project 1st October 2016 Existing data backup 10th October 2016 Selection of hardware 25th October 2016 Selection of supplier 1st November 2016 Relocate office 10th Novrmber 2016 Install hardware/software 15th November 2016 Project Priorities A priority matrix is required to be implemented so that the areas which require improvement or restrictions can be recognized and are given below Limitations The project is needed to be finished as per the range given, budget allocated, and time scheduled. Improvements Improvements are regarding the numerous sections such as the expected project range, costs reduction, and/or project schedule reduction. In the same manner, in regards to performance, it implies addition to the value of the project. Accepted This comprises of the fact that the requirements of the parameter may not be achieved. The project cost might increase, however, only 10% enhancement is acceptable. After the priorities are chosen, it will help the team of the project in determining the most critical actions and assist in summarizing the project range, managing the limitations, making and optimizing decisions, modifying integration of controls, and negotiation project modification. The prority Matrix of the office relocation is given below Time Performance Cost Constraints X Enhance X Accept X Office relocation has direct relation with the three parameters of priority matrix. Constraint time is a big constraint in this project as if the relocation is not done within the given timeframe it may hamper the business of the client and in turn decrease its revenue. Enhancement Scope/performance can be enhanced where in enhanced facilities and infrastructure will be provided to the team members. Accept There is a 10% acceptance in increase in the budget allocated to the office relocation project. The increase in cost will be accepted as the new office and location should facilitate the working of the staff of the company. Work Breakdown Structure (Duncan, 1996) The projects key packages are as follows Project Management The package contains plan of the project, budget estimation of the project, schedule of the project, along with list of items to be procured. Additionally, metrics for quality control are also given in the project quality control. Requirement definition The package consists of specifications of new location, site constraints, and plan for staffing. Site inspection The packages consists of an agreement done regarding the facilities and the present realtors are notified regarding the agreement. Site design The packages consists of design of office interiors and exteriors, that is, loading areas, employees area, parking area, and warehouse area. Communication requirements The packages consist of computer network requirement and specification of voice network. Security system The package consists of employees accessibility and implementation of physical security. Communication network The package consists of supplier selection for setup of internet and IT equipment installation. Site setup The package consists of data backup from old site, and installation at new site. Cost estimation Consensus method WBS Task Name Cost 1 Relocation Project 1.1 Project Management 1.1.1 Planning 300 1.1.2 Budgeting 250 1.1.3 Scheduling 300 1.1.4 Management of Procurement 300 1.1.5 Management of Quality 300 1.2 Requirement Definition 1.2.1 Location of new site 500 1.2.2 Identification of constraints 350 1.2.3 Plan for staffing 200 1.3 Inspection of Site 1.3.1 Agreement of facilities access 400 1.3.2 Notify present realtor 300 1.4 Site Design 1.4.1 Warehouse 500 1.4.2 Employee areas 1000 1.4.3 Open areas 600 1.4.4 Parking 1000 1.4.2.2 Area for loading 1000 1.5 Communication Requirements 1.5.1 Establish network of computers 2000 1.5.2 Establish network for voices 1000 1.6 Security System 1.6.1 Access via keycard 850 1.6.2 Physical security 900 1.7 Network for Communications 1.7.1 Selection of vendors 600 1.7.2 Internet connectivity 1000 1.7.3 Installation of new equipment 2000 1.8 Setup of site 1.8.1 Backup Data 2000 1.8.2 Installation of data 1000 1.8.3 Notify client of address change 500 (Kerzner, 2001) Bottom up approach In this approach, work is divided into smaller elements. Thereafter, they are estimated separately. They are combined together to form Work Breakdown Structure (Billows, 2016). S.No. Task Name Unit Cost ($) Quantity Total Cost ($) 1 Establish network of computers 200 10 2000 2 Establish network for voices 100 10 1000 3 Selection of vendors 600 1 600 4 Internet connectivity 1000 1 1000 5 Installation of new equipment 200 10 2000 6 Backup Data 200 10 2000 7 Installation of data 100 10 1000 8 Email clients 500 1 500 10,100 (Billows, 2016) Time phased method WBS Task Name OCT NOV DEC 1 Relocation Project 1.1 Project Management 1.1.1 Planning 300 1.1.2 Budgeting 250 1.1.3 Scheduling 300 1.1.4 Management of Procurement 300 1.1.5 Management of Quality 300 1.2 Requirement Definition 1.2.1 Location of new site 500 1.2.2 Identification of constraints 350 1.2.3 Plan for staffing 200 1.3 Inspection of Site 1.3.1 Agreement of facilities access 400 1.3.2 Notify present realtor 300 1.4 Site Design 1.4.1 Warehouse 500 1.4.2 Employee areas 1000 1.4.3 Open areas 600 1.4.4 Parking 1000 1.4.2.2 Area for loading 1000 1.5 Communication Requirements 1.5.1 Establish network of computers 2000 1.5.2 Establish network for voices 1000 1.6 Security System 1.6.1 Access via keycard 850 1.6.2 Physical security 900 1.7 Network for Communications 1.7.1 Selection of vendors 600 1.7.2 Internet connectivity 1000 1.7.3 Installation of new equipment 2000 1.8 Setup of site 1.8.1 Backup Data 2000 1.8.2 Installation of data 1000 1.8.3 Notify client of address change 500 Monthly cost 3700 6600 8850 Cumulative cost 3700 10300 1915 References A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge. (2000) (5th ed.). Retrieved from https://www.cs.bilkent.edu.tr/~cagatay/cs413/PMBOK.pdf Billows, D. (2016). Bottom-up Estimating. 4pm.com. Retrieved 27 July 2016, from https://www.4pm.com/bottom-up-estimating/ Duncan, W. (1996). A guide to the project management body of knowledge. Sylva, NC: PMI Communications. Introduction to Project Management: Principles, Techniques and Tools. (2013) (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://oe.ucdavis.edu/local_resources/docs/projectmanagementtraining.pdf Kerzner, H. (2001). Project management. New York: John Wiley.

Does Romeo Behave Rashly While Juliet Shows Superior Judgement Essays

Does Romeo Behave Rashly While Juliet Shows Superior Judgement? I do not totally agree that Romeo behaves rashly while Juliet shows superior judgement. It does seem as though Romeo is more confident and quick to make decisions, and Juliet takes her time and thinks it over first. Both Romeo and Juliet make some good decisions by showing good judgement but also some mistakes by acting hastily without thinking. Juliet behaves in a careful and thoughtful manner in different stages of the play. An example of this is when Lady Capulet talks to her about marrying Paris. She declines the offer, "It's an honour that I dream not of." She does not think that she is ready to marry yet, and has not thought about it. He leaves the option open and tells her mother that she "will look to like", meaning she will try and like him but only go as far as her mother wants. Juliet is not sure if she wants to marry Paris but she will consider it while she gets to know him. In other parts of the play Juliet is quite rash and acts thoughtlessly and very quickly. One example of this is when she wakes up in the tomb and finds out the Romeo is dead. She refuses to listen to Friar Lawrence's pleas, to leave the tomb and come with him to a nunnery. Instead she tells him "Go, get thee hence, for I will not away." She tries to poison herself but there is none left. When she hears the watch coming she grabs Romeo's dagger and fatally stabs herself. Juliet is so upset she doesn't think and tries to poison herself instead of listening to the Friar, and in desperation of death, kills herself with the dagger. Romeo is careful and considerate in some parts of the play. An example of this is when he tries to convince his friends not to go to the Capulet ball : "'tis no wit to go". Another example is when Juliet confesses her desire to marry him, he goes and speaks to Friar Lawrence. He explains the difficult situation to the friar and asks for his help. Romeo acts with forethought on both occasions. When he tells his friends not to go to the Capulet ball, he is thinking ahead about the consequences. He is also cautious about his love for Juliet but when he needs help he is not afraid to ask. Romeo also behaves hastily and carelessly on many occasions throughout the play. An example of this is when his friend Mercutio is killed while Romeo is trying to stop the fight with Tybalt. Romeo say "fire-edged fury be my conduct now" and draws on Tybalt and kills him without thought about the consequences - that he could be banished from Verona. Another example of his thoughtless and careless actions is when he hears of Juliet's `death' and immediately goes and buys poison from an apothecary, so he can go to Juliet's tomb and kill himself. Romeo was thoughtless and when Tybalt made him furious he killed him without thinking about the consequences, it was also irresponsible of him to buy the poison and to kill himself before he knew the full story. Overall, I don't think that Juliet shows superior judgement compared to Romeo, or that Romeo acts rashly and Juliet does not. Both of them make the mistake of not thinking before they act and both make some good decisions on different issues. Romeo and Juliet both show good judgement and bad judgement at different times. Juliet was probably more thoughtful than Romeo but I think that their good judgements and rash judgements cancelled each other out.

Ninjas vs. Samurai essays

Ninjas vs. Samurai essays There is a vast difference between Ninjas and Samurais but there are also some similarities. This will explain each ones history, weapons they use, and also their codes of honor. Lets begin by first looking at their histories. In 794-1192 A.D. the new civilization flourished and with it, a new class of wealthy, privileged families. These families fought with one another in attempts to make or destroy emperors. The need for spies, informants and now assassins grew as these families dueled for power. They were suspicious and jealous of one another and would resort to any means necessary to eliminate any possible threats. Therefore, the practitioners of nonuse were in great demand. With this, the ninja was born. As the ninja gained popularity, so did the stories of their superhuman abilities. This reputation was often encouraged by the ninja themselves. Powers like having the strength of ten men, ability to turn into animals, fly and become invisible at will. Many small farmers in the 9th century depended on the landowners for their living, and loyal bonds developed between master and servant. Gradually a network of clans or "families" grew, each with its landowner and followers. The government of the country was no longer in control, and law and order was kept by the clans. The clans armed themselves to protect their own land and people, and so the warrior class of Samurai grew. His sword was his whole life, his soul. With this he followed the warriors code of honor, the Bushido. Ninjas have been known to use a variety of weapons such as small and large swords, bow and arrows, knives, bo (staff), scythe and chain, shuriken and many others. When empty handed the ninja are dangerous, when armed they are very deadly. They have also been known to use various other weapons. Samurai basically just used Katanas, The Wakizashi which is Shorter than the Katana, this sword was worn indoors by the Samurai, because the Katan ...

Progressive Education and Progressive Educators Essay

Progressive Education and Progressive Educators - Essay Example These 'themes' were created in order to confront the problems of the postwar society. Progressives looked optimistically for signs of political and economic democracy during the postwar "reconstruction." Progressivism was at its heart an effort to remoralize society. At all political levels, politicians advocated laws to facilitate moral economic and political systems. They advocated city improvements, like pure water and sanitary sewage. They wanted honesty in public officials. They wanted the right for the people to initiate important legislation. They wanted the right to have referenda on laws that politicians enacted. They wanted the right to recall public officials who did not do what they had been elected to do. The first phase of progressivism, "The Genesis phase", took place between 1890-1910. The aim of this stage was to test innovative ideas and theories, and develop a new approach to education. John Dewey supported the idea that students should be active learners. The second phase, "Child Centered Education", took place between 1919-1930. Dewey promulgated and tested a child-centered approach in education. The phase of "social reconstruction" took place between 1930-1945.

No topic Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

No topic - Coursework Example The video implicitly states that a virtuous individual follows orders that are in enforced often externally. The video also notes that this statement is in conflict with Kant’s ideology about these orders being enforced from inside the virtuous individual. As a result, Kant calls this self-enforced order a categorical imperative. The example of an intruding murderer scheduled by formulating orders for the viewer concerning the most ethical decision one â€Å"ought† to make. Turning the basis of this decision into a universal law is important for a categorical imperative as identified by Kant. These main points built the argument in the video by demonstrating how a single responsibility supersedes another. By demonstrating the possible outcomes of lying to the murderer, the video shows how Absolutism is holistic by denying any exceptions. This argument is sound in the sense that it does not allow any exceptions in any situation. However, when there are no ethical principles to consider exceptions, then there lacks any means of solving ethical predicaments, which are situations involving two or more conflicting ethical

Reflection on global & dversity learning project Essay

Reflection on global & dversity learning project - Essay Example Although the power plant is necessary and useful to the locals, it has a number of adverse effects that are detrimental to the population. The plant has some health effects to both humans and aquatic life around Hudson River. Power plants and other energy generation projects are often prone to numerous deadly accidents that range from the explosion of transformers to electrocution of humans and animals. IPEC is no exception since it has also had an incident of a transformer explosion. This type of accident is highly detrimental to both human and aquatic life around the source of power generation. Transformer explosion at this plant resulted in a number of environmental damages. This explosion resulted in spillage of several gallons of oil into the nearby Hudson River. Spillage of oil is dangerous to the aquatic life as it results in blockage of air spaces limiting the amount of oxygen consumed by plants and animals in the water. Consequently, most of them die or wither due to limited oxygen that is essential for life. In addition, this is also dangerous to humans that consume water from this river. Over the course of the semester, I have learnt several theories and concepts regarding diversity, sustainability, equity, and health, which have shaped my understanding of social issues in the society. For instance, I have learnt about tolerance and its applicability in interacting with people from diverse cultural and religious backgrounds. If not for tolerance, there would be no globalization where individuals from different nations and cultures interact and exchange ideologies among other things. Tolerance is also applicable online to appeal to different audiences as demonstrated by the reading How to Be Liked By Everyone. Another essential concept that I have learnt is multiculturalism, which applies in an environment of diversity. Multiculturalism provides for the development of cultural to necessitate unity in an environment of many

Noun Formation: English And Vietnamese

Noun Formation: English And Vietnamese As we all know, word are the most important unit in one language. We use words everyday, in many various fields of life: from work to studying, form informal situation to formal situation. From word, we can create phrases, sentences to communication with each other under many forms. Amongst words, noun is a rather crucial part. Nouns have several functions in sentences. They can be the subject, an object, an appositive, or a complement (Rakoczy). Therefore, noun-formation can be recognized as the sub process of word-formation, and it will share some same characteristic of word formation. My essay is aimed at identifying, analyzing and contrasting the noun formation between English and Vietnamese to magnify the similarities and differences. Based on this paper, I hope to help my readers clear about noun formation and help the educators have a universal perspective of the unavoidable errors of learning process in both Vietnamese and English learners. NOUN-FORMATION IN ENGLISH Because noun-formation is the sub-process of word-formation, it also follows the same morphological rules of word-formation. Nouns are formed by morphemes as well. According to the classification, we have compounding, affixation or derivation, and conversion. More specifically: Affixation or derivation, forms nouns with affixes. Compounding is the combination of two or more morphemes. Conversion, also called zero derivation, is the creation of a word from an existing word without any change in form (Conversion, 2001). For example, word shifts from verb to noun without change of its morphemes. There is other noun-formation such as reduplication, clipping, blending, acronyms, and borrowing. Reduplication is repeating an item with a change in the beginning consonant or change in the middle vowel. Clipping is a process which consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts (Marchand:1969). Clipping is also known as truncation or shortening. (Clipping, 2001), without changing its meaning. Blending is combining of shortened of two or more morphemes to form a new word. On the other hand, acronyms are nouns using the initial letters in words, phrases, or proper names. Last is borrowing, which actually has two types: using the exact word from another the language and translating it literally, we often called the second type calque or loan translation. NOUN FORMATION IN VIETNAMESE Similar to English, noun in Vietnamese was also formed by morphemes. However, the noun-formation from affixation does not appear in Vietnamese as it is in English. The free morpheme and bound morpheme in Vietnamese are defined differently. More particularly, the bound morpheme in Vietnamese can be used as a separate word. In English, when the bound morpheme stands alone, it doesnt make a full word. In Vietnamese, noun was formed by combining two free morphemes, two bound morphemes, or one bound morpheme and one free morpheme. As a result, noun is formed by compounding, conversion together with other methods such as reduplication, clipping, acronyms, and borrowing. Moreover, because of the long-term domination of the Chineses dynasties and French colonist, the vocabularies which Vietnamese borrowed from Chinese and French are numerous and various. CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 1. Affixation (Derivation) In this part, I will discuss the affixation in English. The affixes involve prefixes and suffixes. For example, from the adjective literal, we only need to add the suffixes -cy to form the noun literacy. Together with the suffixes, the prefixes also contribute to the noun formation. When we offer a new add-on il-, we immediately have a new noun illiteracy which has the opposite meaning to the noun literacy. Consequently, the prefix of noun can change the meaning of the origin, but it still maintains the word class. The suffix, on the other hand, when be attached to the base, it can transform a verb to a noun or other word class. Some typical suffixes for noun are: -ant, -er, -or, -mentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. In addition, prefixes and suffixes contain some given meanings which were displayed below: Prefixes Meaning Suffixes Meaning Anti- Against -tude state of Mis- wrong, astray -ist dealer, doer Post- After -ism doctrine, belief Dis- not, opposite of -ity state of being Inter- between, among -cy state of being De- get rid of -eer, -er, -or person who 2. Compound nouns In English, except some single words are noun themselves, noun can be formed by many methods, such as some in table Compound patterns Examples Noun + Noun bloodstream, seashore, cupboard Adjective + Noun hardboard, blueberry, softball Verb + Noun swimming pool, washing machine Preposition + Noun inbox, outbox, overcoat Verb + Verb make-work, drop-kick Verb + Preposition breakaway, hideout, takeaway Phrases Compound stock-in-trade, mother-in-law Special Compound tetragon, archeology According to the table, there are many patterns to form a noun. However, we can classify all the patterns into 3 categories: The solid or closed form: two words were combined as one word. Ex: timetable, blackboard. The hyphenated form: two words are connected by a hyphen. Ex: son-in-law, stitch-up. The open or spaced form: the word consists of two longer words, and often written separately. Ex: high court, slow motion. Meanwhile, in Vietnamese we have the coordinated compound noun and the principal-and-accessory compound noun, which were also known in Vietnamese are tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ « ghà ©p Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ³ng là ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­p and tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ « ghà ©p chà ­nh phà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥. The coordinated compound noun is the noun was built from two components with equal meaning, for example: chà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £ bà ºa, quà ¡Ã‚ ºn à ¡oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. The coordinated compound noun often expresses the general and synthetic meaning which was one main point that makes it different from the principal-and accessory compound noun. The principal-and accessory compound noun is the noun that involves two components, in which one component depends on the other. The secondary component will classify the main component. For instance: we have the first component is Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ng, which means the way to go, and the second one is sà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¯t, a kind of metal that made this kind of way. When we combine those two components, we will have the new noun: Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ng sà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¯t, which actually means railway in order to distinguish with Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ng khà ´ng, Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ng thà ¡Ã‚ »y, Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ng bà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 3. Conversion The conversion is a very interesting process of forming new word. It occurs in both English and Vietnamese. Without changing its forms, we can change the meaning of the word, even the word class (but I dont talk about word class-change because this essay is focused on the noun formation, not the word formation) more specifically, lets examine these two examples: Ex 1: Firstly, in English, with the word stop in 2 sentences It is time to put a stop to the violence. I get off at the next stop. In the first one, stop means the act of stopping the violence, but in the second sentence, stop actually means a place where a bus or train stops regularly for passengers to get on or off. Clearly, the form of the noun stop doesnt change. Ex 2: In Vietnamese, take the word phà ¡Ã‚ »Ã… ¸ as example Mà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¹ tà ´i nà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥u phà ¡Ã‚ »Ã… ¸ rà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥t ngon. Khà ¡ nhià ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ u ngÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ i Ä‘Ã  n à ´ng hià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡n nay cà ³ tÆ ° tÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã… ¸ng chà ¡n cÆ ¡m thà ¨m phà ¡Ã‚ »Ã… ¸. phà ¡Ã‚ »Ã… ¸ in the first sentence is a Vietnamese dish, but the second sentence connotes the meaning of something new, especially another women, not their wives. Thus, English and Vietnamese resemble each other on this process of forming new nouns. Being used under many various circumstances, the word itself generates many different metaphorical meanings. 4. Other formation a. Reduplication Both English and Vietnamese have reduplication. However, reduplication only seizes a small number of nouns in English. Vietnamese reduplication has two types: repeating the whole word (ba ba, chà ¢u chà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥u, cà  o cà  oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) and repeating some components of the word. Moreover, we dont find many Vietnamese nouns which belong to the second types. The maximum length of Vietnamese reduplicative words is no more than four, and the minimum length is two. Most of the reduplicative words are two-word length. Some of reduplicative English words are: ping pong, flip flop, tick-tockà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. b. Clipping According to VÃ…Â © Ä Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ©c Nghià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡u, Vietnamese only considers this process as temporary form or the spoken form of word. By definition, it doesnt happen with every word (Nghià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡u 2007). bÆ °Ãƒâ€ Ã‚ ¡m bÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºm Æ’Â   bÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºm ki-là ´-gam Æ’Â   kà ­ là ´ Ä Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £ng cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢ng sà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n Vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t Nam Æ’Â   Ä Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £ng Whereas, English have lots of words was formed by clipping such as: photo from photograph, rhino from rhinocerosà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ c. Acronym By using the initial letters of a phrase as one word, acronym has produced a massive number a word. Because those words were created by acronym are more memorable than the phrases, many people like this type of noun-formation, especially in names of some organizations. In English, we have AIDS, radarà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. In Vietnamese, we also have some acronymic words such as TW from trung Æ °Ãƒâ€ Ã‚ ¡ng, CLB for cà ¢u là ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡c bà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢. d. Blending Blends deal with the action of abridging and then combining various lexemes to form a new word . This process combines shortened of two or more morphemes to form a word. For instance, brunch is the combination of breakfast and lunch, motel is the combination of motor and hotel. This is one special feature of English which doesnt exist in Vietnamese at all. e. Borrowing English and Vietnamese borrowed a vast number of words. In Vietnamese, because of the Chinese and French domination, the borrowed vocabularies are mainly from those two countries. It was divided into two layers: Chinese origin and Indo-European origin. Some examples should be taken into account are described in the tables below Vietnamese French xà   phà ²ng Savon pà ª-Ä‘an pà ©dale mà ¹i xoa mouchoir Vietnamese Chinese Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢c già ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £ à ¨Ã‚ ®Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(dà ºzhĆº) kà ½ già ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £ à ¨Ã‚ ¨Ã‹Å"à ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(jà ¬zhĆº) Vietnamese also translate literally some vocabulary in Chinese and French into Vietnamese for necessary usage, it usually was known as quà ¡ trà ¬nh Vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t hà ³a hoà  n toà  n such as: Ex: à ©Ã‚ £Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¦Ã‚ ©Ã… ¸ (fÄâ€Å"ijÄ «) phi cÆ ¡, phi = bay, cÆ ¡ = mà ¡y mà ³c â‚ ¬Ã‚ ¢ mà ¡y bay (Vietnamese) (Ä Ãƒ  o Duy Anh, 2005) à ¨Ã‚ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (tÄ «ngzhĆº) thà ­nh già ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £ (Chinese), in Hà ¡n-Vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ « Ä‘ià ¡Ã‚ »Ã†â€™n già ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n yà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿u, thà ­nh = nghe, già ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £ = chà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ° và ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  ngÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ i â‚ ¬Ã‚ ¢ ngÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ i nghe (Vietnamese) (Ä Ãƒ  o Duy Anh, 2005) English also have two types of borrowing vocabulary: the exact foreign word and calque. According to different sources, around 30% of all English words have a French origin (Calque, 2001). Some of the French words that were used in English are ablation, accent, bonnet, desertà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Similar to Vietnamese, English also translate the words literally from many other languages for usage. We can take some calques as examples: Latin: Lunae dies => Old English: Monan dà ¦g (day of the moon) => Modern English: Monday (University of Oxford, 2005) French: gratte-ciel and Spanish: rascal cielos (both literally means: scrape-sky) => English: skyscraper. (Calque, 2001) TEACHING IMPLICATIONS The aim of contrastive analysis between English and Vietnamese is to draw out the linguistic same and differences. However, it also has another valuable practical basis for teaching and learning. By contrasting those two languages, we can forecast the potential difficulties that the learners may encounter when learning foreign languages. Firstly, Because of the differences in word order, Vietnamese pupils tend to produce error such as room dinning instead of dinning room, which means phà ²ng ăn in Vietnamese pie apple instead of apple pie, which in Vietnamese it is bà ¡nh tà ¡o. This error often happened in compound noun. Secondly, when we want to mention the plural forms of nouns in Vietnamese, we usually use the word nhià ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ u before nouns such as: nhià ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ u ngÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ i, nhià ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ u hy và ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ngà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. That is the point. In English, we must add -s or -es behind countable nouns, for example: girls, boysà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and preserve the uncountable nouns. Therefore, Vietnamese learners have a tendency to forget the -s and -es for countable nouns and vice versa for uncountable nouns. This also elucidates the reasons why Vietnamese pupils misuse two words many and much for countable and uncountable nouns. Thirdly, in Vietnamese, we can say Chim Ä‘ang hà ³t without any determiners. This sentence conveys the full meaning and is grammatical right. Otherwise, if we apply this rule in to English, which requires the determiners for noun, it is completely wrong. We cannot say Bird is singing (the right sentence should be The bird is singing). Finally, I want to emphasize that, besides the methods of teaching and learning, the syllabus, one of the major causes of the above errors is the differences in English and Vietnamese, or we can call it the linguistic cause. CONCLUSION Vietnamese and English show similarities as well as differences, and noun formation is a complicated process in both languages. It demands the learners to master the rules and apply it in the proper place. Vocabulary in English and Vietnamese are copious. However, Vietnamese have more types of noun formation in English, which makes the Vietnamese is more difficult for the foreigners. If you understand these linguistic characteristics of theses two languages, you make a further step in absorbing them. What Age Should Marriage be Allowed? What Age Should Marriage be Allowed? People should be allowed to get married only after age of 30 Marriage is one of the most important systems which keep the continuation of the social unity through marriage between a man and a women, who agree together to build a family. Getting married is a very important decision in every individuals life because they are planning to spend their entire life with their spouses. Sometimes people get married at an early age and than experience problems in their relationship. If People are allowed to get married only after age of 30 than they will be more matured, professionally settled and have a good financial position. And lastly, individuals would have lived and enjoyed all their dreams which are sometimes not possible after marriage. Firstly, People should be allowed to get married only after age of 30 as they will be able to understand relationships more maturely. Age and experience brings with it wisdom most of the time. An individual marrying after the age of 30 would be able to precisely understand their spouse, would have learnt to deal with problems effectively, which will help them lead a healthier married life. For instance, if a couple gets married at an early age and if they do not know how to handle family problems than this can become a big drawback for their marriage and can lead to divorce. Secondly, People should be allowed to get married only after age of 30 as till this age most of the individuals would have achieved a lot of success in their career life and would have a good financial position to take care of their family. If individuals get married at an early age than the couple have to struggle in personal and professional lifes due to insufficient funds. For instance, if people will be allowed to get married only after age of 30 than they will plan their future well and have enough earnings to handle the expenses to keep their family happy. Lastly, People should be allowed to get married only after age of 30 is that waiting till the age of 30, will allow people to â€Å"live their dreams† as they will have many years after education to achieve what they want to. Individuals would have lived and enjoyed their peak years in their lifes which will lead to fulfillment of their dreams and will provide them with a sense of satisfaction in life. For instance, if an individual is allowed to get married after age of 30 will know a particular age limit of getting married and will try to live all their dreams in life till that age so that after marriage they do not have any complications related to their dreams and they can live a joyful married life. In conclusion, people should be allowed to get married only after age of 30 because they will be more matured and will have a better understanding of relationships, secondly till the age of 30 individuals would have achieved success in their careers and lastly individuals would have lived all their dreams till they turn to 30. These factors will make them feel more comfortable about their married life. They will be able to give all the happiness and love to their life partners because till 30 they would have found a right life partner who can take good care of their needs and wants.

Creation Vs Evolution :: essays research papers

In the beginning there were no cave men, no dinosaurs, no plants, no oceans, no mountains, no sun, no stars. There was nothing, not even space or time. Only God existed. Then God spoke suddenly creating space, time, matter, and energy. Out of this sudden beginning all the galaxies, stars, and planets formed. Then God’s spirit began to work over the surface of the ocean. Then God said let there be light and there was light. He called the light â€Å"day† and the darkness â€Å"night.† And God said, â€Å"let there be an expanse between the waters to separate water from water. God called the expanse â€Å"sky† Then God gathered the ocean water to one place so that the land would appear. Now there was not just water on the surface of the earth. Then God produced plants on the land, plants of various kinds. These plants consumed carbon dioxide and water and, with the energy of the sun, converted them into food and oxygen. Then God said let there be lights in the expanse of the sky to separate the day from night, and let them serve as signs to mark the seasons and days and years. God also made the stars. Then god said, Let the water teem with living creatures and let birds fly above the earth in the sky. So God create the great creatures of the sea and every living and moving thing. And God said, Let the land produce living creatures according to their kinds: livestock, creatures that move along the ground, and wild animals, each according to it’s kind. Then God said, Let us make man in our own image, in our likeness, and let them rule over the fish in the sea and the birds of the air, over the livestock, over all the earth, and over all the creatures that move along the ground. So God Created man in his own image in the image of God he create him. What do we mean by Evolution; We tend to use the words loosely, forgetting that words have specific meanings, modified only by the context in which they are used. If people would define their terms, and use words carefully, half the arguments would be settled before they begin. This is especially true of evolution debate. What then is meant by the term â€Å"evolution†? Every one associates evolution with Darwin’s theory and assumes that the two are synonymous.

Ecosystems at Risk

The negative nature and rate of change that is occurring within the Great Barrier Reef(GBR) is largely due to human induced activity. Coral reefs are vulnerable to the slightest of human impacts and the frequency in which we are doing so has dramatically increased over the years, increasing it to a global scale. Climate change along with pollution, overfishing and tourism are affecting the vulnerable ecosystems existence. Climate change is affecting the globe at an increasing intensity.The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing many changes that it is unable to adapt to such as a rise in the average water temperature. The unnatural change physiologically stresses the corals and upset the critical balance that maintains their symbiotic relationship with algae that inhibits it. When this process occurs the corals lose their colour becoming bleached, the recognized biological effects reduce the calcification rates, weakening the skeletons and eventually eroding coral communities.Polar ice c aps are also melting due to global climate change, having serious impacts on the nature and life span of coral reefs. As the levels slowly rise, fresh water inlets will be contaminated with salt water affecting the biodiversity of terrestrial vegetation in these fragile environments. Humans impact the GBR is through numerous paths of pollution, all of which can cause serious damage. Although not directly, deforestation has many long-term impacts, as well as sedimentation, fertilizers and pesticides, runoff and plastic build up. 2% of the world’s coral reefs are threatened by land-based pollution; both chemical and nutrient based e. g. fertilizers, herbicides, human derived sewage and pesticides. 80% of the GBR’s adjacent land is farmland that supports agricultural production. The chemicals used to maintain the farmland pose long term damage to the ecosystem due to their high levels of phosphorus and nitrates. This runoff affect occurs when the farmer uses too much of t he product to maintain his land, or it is lost to ground water.Sediments that flow out from rivers with large amounts of eroded material carry with it many of the pollutants stated previously from farms that border the reef at risk. Tourism is vital to help people recognize and promote the value of protecting the Great Barrier Reef, but at the same time has certain elements involved with it, that are slowly taking toll on the environment, which will if not looked at closer, or eliminated all together destroy it for generations to come.Tourism is listed a s a major management issue to the GBR, because of the large amount of tourists and its value to the economy. The impacts range from low to high priority, and often trigger large infrastructure developments on islans and coastal communities, leading to further problems involving runoff and other pollutants mentioned earlier. Also associated with tourism, is the souvenir, ornamental and aquarium trade that severely affects the livelih ood of the GBR.People taking home a small piece of the reef cause significantly widespread damage to the ecosystem and its biodiversity. For the Great Barrier Reef to be enjoyed for generations to come, protections laws need to be set, understood and most of all abided by. The nature and rate of change is fast increasing the decline of one of Australia’s most beautiful ecosystems that should be enjoyed without disturbances. The fragile ecosystem is able to adapt to natural fluctuations and subtle changes in the ecosystem, but human activity is fast destroying it. Ecosystems at Risk The negative nature and rate of change that is occurring within the Great Barrier Reef(GBR) is largely due to human induced activity. Coral reefs are vulnerable to the slightest of human impacts and the frequency in which we are doing so has dramatically increased over the years, increasing it to a global scale. Climate change along with pollution, overfishing and tourism are affecting the vulnerable ecosystems existence. Climate change is affecting the globe at an increasing intensity.The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing many changes that it is unable to adapt to such as a rise in the average water temperature. The unnatural change physiologically stresses the corals and upset the critical balance that maintains their symbiotic relationship with algae that inhibits it. When this process occurs the corals lose their colour becoming bleached, the recognized biological effects reduce the calcification rates, weakening the skeletons and eventually eroding coral communities.Polar ice c aps are also melting due to global climate change, having serious impacts on the nature and life span of coral reefs. As the levels slowly rise, fresh water inlets will be contaminated with salt water affecting the biodiversity of terrestrial vegetation in these fragile environments. Humans impact the GBR is through numerous paths of pollution, all of which can cause serious damage. Although not directly, deforestation has many long-term impacts, as well as sedimentation, fertilizers and pesticides, runoff and plastic build up. 2% of the world’s coral reefs are threatened by land-based pollution; both chemical and nutrient based e. g. fertilizers, herbicides, human derived sewage and pesticides. 80% of the GBR’s adjacent land is farmland that supports agricultural production. The chemicals used to maintain the farmland pose long term damage to the ecosystem due to their high levels of phosphorus and nitrates. This runoff affect occurs when the farmer uses too much of t he product to maintain his land, or it is lost to ground water.Sediments that flow out from rivers with large amounts of eroded material carry with it many of the pollutants stated previously from farms that border the reef at risk. Tourism is vital to help people recognize and promote the value of protecting the Great Barrier Reef, but at the same time has certain elements involved with it, that are slowly taking toll on the environment, which will if not looked at closer, or eliminated all together destroy it for generations to come.Tourism is listed a s a major management issue to the GBR, because of the large amount of tourists and its value to the economy. The impacts range from low to high priority, and often trigger large infrastructure developments on islans and coastal communities, leading to further problems involving runoff and other pollutants mentioned earlier. Also associated with tourism, is the souvenir, ornamental and aquarium trade that severely affects the livelih ood of the GBR.People taking home a small piece of the reef cause significantly widespread damage to the ecosystem and its biodiversity. For the Great Barrier Reef to be enjoyed for generations to come, protections laws need to be set, understood and most of all abided by. The nature and rate of change is fast increasing the decline of one of Australia’s most beautiful ecosystems that should be enjoyed without disturbances. The fragile ecosystem is able to adapt to natural fluctuations and subtle changes in the ecosystem, but human activity is fast destroying it.

Free Essays on Anglea Carter

In this essay I will be comparing and contrasting the two female agents in the stories ‘The Tigers Bride ´ and ‘The Werewolf ´ in regards to the post-modern feminism of our times. Initially in ‘The Tigers Bride ´ a father looses her daughter (beauty) to The Beast in a game of cards. Obviously Beauty resents her father for this act, this is shown in, â€Å"My father said he loved me yet he staked his daughter on a hand of cards.† Whereas in ‘The Werewolf ´ the young daughter is also put at risk by her mother, when she is asked to take her grandmother some cakes through a dangerous forest. Both of the female characters are exposed to danger in the beginning of the stories In this day and age it is questionable if these females would strictly follow the commands of their parents and also due to equality they would be allowed to decide for themselves. It would seem that both females would encounter instant misery yet this is not the case. Even though both characters are faced with danger they still continue instead of fleeing. In Comparison beauty follows The Beast to his retreat, while the young daughter in ‘The Werewolf ´ goe s through the dangerous forest. They both show a degree of bravery that can be seen as a postmodern feminist thought. Both characters control and confront their fears on their own personal terms. Beauty confronts the beast when they both expose their naked bodies to one another and the laws associated with identity and fear collapse. Whereas the young girl physically confronts her fears by cutting off the hand of the werewolf when she is attacked. A woman confronting her fears and succeeding no matter what can also be seen as post modern feminism. Ironically in the end beauty has the dominant character in respect to the male character, as the heroine is mentally strong, in control, and she actively orchestrates her situation on her own terms. Strangely the entire main characters in ‘The W... Free Essays on Anglea Carter Free Essays on Anglea Carter In this essay I will be comparing and contrasting the two female agents in the stories ‘The Tigers Bride ´ and ‘The Werewolf ´ in regards to the post-modern feminism of our times. Initially in ‘The Tigers Bride ´ a father looses her daughter (beauty) to The Beast in a game of cards. Obviously Beauty resents her father for this act, this is shown in, â€Å"My father said he loved me yet he staked his daughter on a hand of cards.† Whereas in ‘The Werewolf ´ the young daughter is also put at risk by her mother, when she is asked to take her grandmother some cakes through a dangerous forest. Both of the female characters are exposed to danger in the beginning of the stories In this day and age it is questionable if these females would strictly follow the commands of their parents and also due to equality they would be allowed to decide for themselves. It would seem that both females would encounter instant misery yet this is not the case. Even though both characters are faced with danger they still continue instead of fleeing. In Comparison beauty follows The Beast to his retreat, while the young daughter in ‘The Werewolf ´ goe s through the dangerous forest. They both show a degree of bravery that can be seen as a postmodern feminist thought. Both characters control and confront their fears on their own personal terms. Beauty confronts the beast when they both expose their naked bodies to one another and the laws associated with identity and fear collapse. Whereas the young girl physically confronts her fears by cutting off the hand of the werewolf when she is attacked. A woman confronting her fears and succeeding no matter what can also be seen as post modern feminism. Ironically in the end beauty has the dominant character in respect to the male character, as the heroine is mentally strong, in control, and she actively orchestrates her situation on her own terms. Strangely the entire main characters in ‘The W...

Free Essays on Diary Of Anne Frank

â€Å"Can eat when your in the depths of despair?† This can only be said by the very imaginative child Anne Shirley from the book of Anne of Green Gables. Lucy Maud Motgomery created the novel and fictional character, Anne. This novel is about a little Orphan girl whose life was changed by an elderly brother and sister, Matthew and Marilla Cuthbert. They live in Green Gables in the town of Avonlea on Prince Edward Island. You will see Anne’s life from a very imaginative 11 year old to an accomplished 20-year-old woman. Anne was not the best-looking person at age 11. When Matthew found her at the train station, Matthew saw, â€Å" A child about age 11, garted in very short, very tight, very ugly dress of yellowish gray wincey. She wore a faded brown sailor hat and beneath the hat, extending down her back, were two braids of very thick, decidedly red hair. Her face was small, white, and thin, also much freckled; her mouth was large and so were her eyes that looked green in some lights and moods and gray in others†. She also had a very pretty nose and her chin was very pointed. In addition, her big eyes were full of spirit. Anne hated her looks and she especially hated her hair. Once she bought a hair dye from a French peddler. He said it would turn Anne’s hair a raven black but it ended up turning green. Marrila had to cut most of Anne’s hair off after that. Anne hated when people make fun of her looks. Once she assaulted Gilbert blythe because he called her carrots because of her red hair. She broke a chalk slate over Gilberts head. In addition, Anne said, â€Å"I’d rather be pretty than smart†. Anne had a lot of memorable expressions that she made up at Green Gables. She named an avenue of apple trees, The White Way of Delight and a big pond, the lake of Shining waters. When Anne met Marrila, Anne said she would like to be called Cordelia because it was an elegant name; but Marrila refused to call her by that name. In her ro... Free Essays on Diary Of Anne Frank Free Essays on Diary Of Anne Frank â€Å"Can eat when your in the depths of despair?† This can only be said by the very imaginative child Anne Shirley from the book of Anne of Green Gables. Lucy Maud Motgomery created the novel and fictional character, Anne. This novel is about a little Orphan girl whose life was changed by an elderly brother and sister, Matthew and Marilla Cuthbert. They live in Green Gables in the town of Avonlea on Prince Edward Island. You will see Anne’s life from a very imaginative 11 year old to an accomplished 20-year-old woman. Anne was not the best-looking person at age 11. When Matthew found her at the train station, Matthew saw, â€Å" A child about age 11, garted in very short, very tight, very ugly dress of yellowish gray wincey. She wore a faded brown sailor hat and beneath the hat, extending down her back, were two braids of very thick, decidedly red hair. Her face was small, white, and thin, also much freckled; her mouth was large and so were her eyes that looked green in some lights and moods and gray in others†. She also had a very pretty nose and her chin was very pointed. In addition, her big eyes were full of spirit. Anne hated her looks and she especially hated her hair. Once she bought a hair dye from a French peddler. He said it would turn Anne’s hair a raven black but it ended up turning green. Marrila had to cut most of Anne’s hair off after that. Anne hated when people make fun of her looks. Once she assaulted Gilbert blythe because he called her carrots because of her red hair. She broke a chalk slate over Gilberts head. In addition, Anne said, â€Å"I’d rather be pretty than smart†. Anne had a lot of memorable expressions that she made up at Green Gables. She named an avenue of apple trees, The White Way of Delight and a big pond, the lake of Shining waters. When Anne met Marrila, Anne said she would like to be called Cordelia because it was an elegant name; but Marrila refused to call her by that name. In her ro...

Quantitative Methods Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Quantitative Methods - Assignment Example For calculating the monthly expenses for the both types of mortgages first the nominal interest rates should be used to calculate the effective annual interest rates. This is done by using the following formula: I=(1+r/x)^x-1 In order to obtain the effective annual rates the Microsoft Excel formula was used: EFFECT(nominal_rate,npery), where nominal_rate is the annual nominal rate and npery is the number of compounding times per year. These values were calculated in Microsoft Excel using the formula: PMT(rate,nper,pv,fv,type). Rate is the interest rate of the mortgage, Nper is the total number of repayments for the loan, in this case 300 months (25*12), Pv is the present value of the total repayments that are to be made, Fv is the future value that one wishes to attain after the last repayment, in this case 0 and lastly Type indicates whether the repayment is made at the beginning of the month (0) or at the end (1), in this case we assume it is made at the start of the month so 0. In order to evaluate the Interest Only Mortgage option we must first calculate the effective annual interest rate on the deposit placed in the sinking fund. This will be done in the same way as for the Repayment Mortgage. The results are presented in the table below: The monthly cost Interest Only mortgage consists of the interest paid over the mortgage period and the amount accumulated in the sinking fund.... epayments for the loan, in this case 300 months (25*12), Pv is the present value of the total repayments that are to be made, Fv is the future value that one wishes to attain after the last repayment, in this case 0 and lastly Type indicates whether the repayment is made at the beginning of the month (0) or at the end (1), in this case we assume it is made at the start of the month so 0. In order to evaluate the Interest Only Mortgage option we must first calculate the effective annual interest rate on the deposit placed in the sinking fund. This will be done in the same way as for the Repayment Mortgage. The results are presented in the table below: Nominal interest rate on deposit in sinking fund Number of compounding periods per year Effective annual interest rate on deposit in sinking fund 5.50% 1 0.055 5.75% 1 0.0575 6.00% 1 0.06 6.25% 1 0.0625 6.50% 1 0.065 6.75% 1 0.0675 7.00% 1 0.07 7.25% 1 0.0725 7.50% 1 0.075 7.75% 1 0.0775 8.00% 1 0.08 8.25% 1 0.0825 8.50% 1 0.085 8.75% 1 0.0825 9.00% 1 0.09 The monthly cost Interest Only mortgage consists of the interest paid over the mortgage period and the amount accumulated in the sinking fund. In order to calculate the monthly payment into the sinking fund using Excel the PPMT(rate,per,nper,pv,fv,type) formula was used where rate is the interest rate per period, per is the period, nper is the total amount of payments in the sinking fund, pv is the present value of the mortgage, fv is the future value expected in our case 0 and type indicates when the monthly payments are due in this case we assume that they are made at the beginning of the period so we take the value 1. The results are listed below: Annual interest rate Number of years in the loan Amount of loan Payment into investment plan 5.50% 25 350000

Response to the Book George Orwell's 1984 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Response to the Book George Orwell's 1984 - Essay Example From this moment on both Winston and Julia heightened to the awareness of what is next. Both transferred to the Ministry of love for interrogation swiftly followed by systematic physiological and physical torture. This torture consists of three stages, learning, understanding, and absolute acceptance of the Party's reality. These ideologies chewed away throughout the book at Winston's fundamental ideals. Winston and Julia both grew to hate the party, rallying against it in both their thoughts by actions and behaviors as well. The Party's main object is absolute acceptance of their Doctrine. Winston must painfully accept eventually. However, this particular book seems layered like an onion tearfully peeling away each layer to expose the soft underbelly in all of us. The fear of self; which is signified by room 101 where they sent Winston when he refused to betray himself, his love, and his absolute hatred for Big Brother. The final step has Winston facing his biggest fears, rats place d in a cage strapped to his face ready to tear into his skull. In a moment of absolute terror Winston screams out "Do it to Julia" betraying not only her but also the very core of himself. The one thing he believed they could never touch, could never get at, resonated from him the way a gavel echoes with justice in a courtroom.

Shamanism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Shamanism - Essay Example These tales take on a legendary, epic nature. In communities that continue the shamanic traditions, narratives with shamanic protagonists serve to establish a communal code of conduct, providing a narrative model of idealized and stigmatized shamanic behaviors. They constitute a native discourse on the nature, efficacy, and dangers of shamanic practices. A practitioner's power can be described and also enhanced by such tales. Examples of such narratives can be found in Knud Ramussen's (1921) Eskimo Folk Tales. One typical story is that of Kuniseq who sets out on a spirit journey to the land of the dead with a spirit helper. The landscape is described as a slippery reef, changing into a field of heather, providing visual imagery for a better understanding of the nature of the spirit world. Kuniseq meets some children and his mother who tries to kiss him and offers him berries which he refuses, as one should never eat in the land of the dead if one intends to remain with the living. In general, the tale provides a comforting representation of the land of the dead and the supporting role of the spirit helper. When Kuniseq dies soon after this journey, it is to be happily reunited with his deceased kin. The tale illustrates the shaman's familiarity with the spirit world, emphasizing his competence and also provides information on the other world of interest to listeners. Not only does the tale provide valuable cosmological information, it also underscores the efficacy of the angakok to fulfill the task of supplyinf information on the cosmos that would otherwise be unavailable to ordinary members of the community and presents the shaman as a true Inuit hero. Q2. In the cultural encounters between shamanic traditions and other religions or systems the former have often been vilified and condemned. Shamans have been tortured and persecuted as was reported of U.S. Navy Commander Henry Glass in his dealings with the Tlingit people in the 1890s. But even more subtle methods of discrediting and suppressing shamanic worldviews exert pressure on practitioners over time. Intercultural and interfaith confrontations can lead to the marginalization of the shaman figure, which did not necessarily enjoy total acceptance in the first place, and was sometimes regarded as a source of misfortune and suspicion even in the shaman's own cultural context. As the community evolves toward more complex systems of organization and the religious tradition becomes more firmly institutionalized with a fixed doctrine, the marginalization of the shaman can increase. Religions undergo transformation reflecting the changes in norms and circumstances of their ambient soc ieties. Combined with external pressure and systematic suppression, particularly from missionizing religious traditions with strong doctrinal components and the superiority of the aggressors, the cultural context of the shamanic community can change to such an extent that a shift occurs and the religious beliefs predominant in the community change. There may or may not be vestiges of the old traditions remaining in form of certain rephrased rituals, or mystical figures. The shaman is gradually superseded by or transformed into the priests elected and trained by established religious institutions. An internal decline in the belief in the importance of shamanic rituals can be the result of external influences and the encroachment of alternative worldviews. State- sponsored efforts as in Soviet Russia, or